<p>The William Johnson House is a historic house supporting Doughoregan Manor in Ellicott City, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The Johnson house is a historic located on land that was patented to Charles Carroll the Settler in 1702. The property was part of the 7000 acre Carroll family slave plantation Doughoreagan Manor, most notable as home of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the declaration of Independence. The William E. Johnson home was a two story "L" shaped house of wood construction built prior to 1880. The wide central chimney was typical of earlier construction. The house was situated on a 112 acre subdivision of the manor bordering a farm owned by Phillip Carroll, and James A. Clark, Jr.&#39;s Elioak Farm. The house was documented in 1979, but was demolished by 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, owners Thomas and Mary Scrivener place the farm into Howard County&#39;s agricultural preservation program. In 2004, they split the farm into two separate 50 acre farms. In 2012 owners E Randolph and Mary Marriner, petitioned to build a house over the original house site. The estate was renamed to Manor Hill Farms, and in 2014 the Howard County Economic Development Agency awarded a $200,000 grant to open Manor Hill Brewery onsite.</p><br>
<p>The John Watson House, also known as the Intervale Farm, is a historic house on Benny Babb Hill Road in Hiram, Maine. Built in 1785 by one of Hiram&#39;s first settlers, it is now the oldest building in the town, and is a well-preserved example of late Georgian architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>John Watson, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, arrived in the area that is now Hiram in 1778, and established a homestead on the east bank of the Saco River. His first house was washed away by spring flooding in 1785, after which he built the present house on higher ground above the river.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the house Watson built is a large rectangular timber frame structure, with a large central chimney, hip roof, and a cut granite foundation. The combination of hip roof and central chimney is particularly rare for houses of this period in Maine. The main facade is five bays wide, with a central entrance that has early 19th-century Federal style features, with sidelight windows above recessed panels, and a broad louvered fan above. The main block was extended in the early 20th century with 1-1/2 story Colonial Revival wings on either side, each with four round-arch windows. The wing on the right joins the house to a 1-1/2 story shed and garage, which were probably originally detached from the house.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the main block has retained much of its original material. A narrow and winding staircase leads up the second floor between the entrance vestibule and the chimney, and there are large rooms on either side. The kitchen, with a large open fireplace, is a long room that extends the width of the block behind the chimney. There are four bedrooms on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Birch Island House is the centerpiece of a historic sporting camp on Birch Island, located in Holeb Pond in northwestern Somerset County, Maine, United States. Estimated to have been built around 1870, it is a rare surviving element of a 19th-century private camp in the state, when most surviving period camps were commercially run. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. As of recent the porch has caved in and the structural integrity is questioned.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Birch Island House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a rubble foundation and a red standing seam metal roof. A two-story porch extends across the front, and the roof in the rear slopes down to the first floor, giving the building a saltbox profile. The porch is supported by square posts with a decoratively sawn balustrade. The house is five bays wide, with doorways in the center bay (the lower one providing the main entrance, the upper one access to the upper balcony) and windows in the flanking bays. Each floor has four rooms, with living, dining, and kitchen space on the first floor and bedrooms on the second and in the half-story above. Original pine board finish has been covered over by plasterboard in many of these rooms.</p><br>
<p>The date of construction of the house is uncertain; mention of it does not appear in either local histories or in period works on Maine&#39;s sporting camps, and its remote location (access today is still not particularly easy) means it escaped wider notice. Tradition ascribes its construction date to 1870, although there is no documentary support for this. The island was documented to be home to the "Birch Island Sporting Camps", run by a private association, by the early decades of the 20th century, and this building appears to have functioned as a central lodge for the other facilities on the island. The camp was apparently abandoned around the 1950s, and was revived in the 1980s when it was acquired by R. David Murphy through the purchase of Birch Island Sporting Camps. R.D. Murphy, formed the Birch Island Sportsman Association, restored the sporting camps on the island and subdivided the island ownership. The Birch Island House ownership remains in trust with the Murphy family today.</p><br>
<p>Teelands Country Store, also known as Hernings and Knik Trading Company, is a historic retail establishment located at the corner of East Herning Avenue and North Boundary Street in Wasilla, Alaska. The oldest portion of this wood frame building is a log structure at the back whose construction dates to 1905. Originally located at Knik, this log structure, then also used as a store, was moved to the newly established town of Wasilla in 1917 by its builder, O. G. Herning. Herning also built the present utilitarian wood frame structure, which still operates today. The business was purchased by Walter Teeland in 1947, giving it its present name.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Woolahra is a heritage-listed villa at 1 Lexington Terrace, Hamilton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the rear of the Hamilton Hotel, the first brickworks in Queensland was started by a Mr. Fisher, who later moved to Albion, and opened up the Albion Pottery (subsequently owned by James Campbell and Sons, Limited). The land on which Woolahra was built was the old brickwords site.</p><br>
<p>Woolahra, a two-storeyed brick house, was probably built in 1888 on land owned by Ellen Elizabeth Wheeler. A widow, she had bought the property in 1887.</p><br>
<p>Its first occupant appears to have been Charles Pritchard who married Mrs Wheeler. In 1896 the land was transferred to Ellen Elizabeth Pritchard. She died in 1932 and the house passed through a number of absentee owners who subdivided the property. The present owners bought the house and its remaining grounds in 1946.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Woolahra is a two-storey brick house which blends Georgian and Renaissance elements in its design. The house is T-shaped, with a one room wide wing across the front forming the crossbar, and a wider wing extending off the rear, forming the stem.</p><br>
<p>Its walls are rendered on the front and southern side, and painted on the northern side and the rear. The hipped corrugated iron roof has a decorative cast-iron comb along the ridges. A double storey verandah featuring decorative cast-iron posts, brackets, balusters and frieze, runs across the front of the house.</p><br>
<p>On the upper floor there are five French doors with leadlight fanlights and on the ground floor the front door has leadlight fan and sidelights with the name Woolahra incorporated. There are bay windows on either side. On the ends of the front wing there are heavily moulded Renaissance style windows which contrast with the simpler Georgian sash windows along the sides and rear of the back wing.</p><br>
<p>The theme of Georgian simplicity is continued inside the house where the lath and plaster walls and ceilings appear undecorated except for substantial joinery.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Woolahra was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a reflection of the confidence of the 1880s boom.</p><br>
<p>As an early example of the type of large houses built on the hills to the northeast of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As a late illustration of the Georgian style with the addition of renaissance details and ornate verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a late illustration of the Georgian style with the addition of renaissance details and ornate verandahs.</p><br>
<p>Cremorne is a heritage-listed villa at 34 Mullens Street, Hamilton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton & Bates and built from 1905 to 1906. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cremorne is a substantial, single-storeyed, high-set timber residence erected for Brisbane publican James Denis O&#39;Connor. It was designed by the firm of Eaton & Bates, Sydney-trained architects who built up a substantial Queensland practice from -.</p><br>
<p>JD OConnor, born in Ireland, had emigrated to South Australia in 1878, and was in business in Adelaide before moving north to Queensland, reputedly for health reasons, in 1889. His brother, Denis OConnor, was already a well-known Brisbane publican, connected from at least 1884 with a number of Brisbane hotels, including the Globe Hotel, Dunmore Arms Hotel, OConnors Family Hotel (at Stones Corner), Oriental House (later the Wickham) from 1890, and later with the Prince Consort Hotel in Fortitude Valley. JD O&#39;Connor held the licence to the Stanley Hotel at the corner of Stanley Street and Boggo Road, Woolloongabba, 1890-96.</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane in 1895, JD OConnor married Catherine Julia Graham, whose father, John Graham, was one of the earliest land holders at Moreton Bay, having purchased land at South Brisbane in 1842. Johnny Graham was a well-known Brisbane identity and property owner, and a keen sportsman. For 30 years, from 1866 to 1896, he held the licences to several South Brisbane hotels. He established Grahams Family Hotel in Stanley Street, South Brisbane in 1888, and held the licence until 1896, when it was transferred to his son-in-law, who changed the name to OConnors Hotel. JD OConnor is understood to have sold OConnor&#39;s Hotel, and retired from the hotel business altogether.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, JD OConnor obtained title to nearly 1.5 acres of hillside land at Hamilton, formerly part of the Eldernell Estate and first subdivided in 1890. Here he erected a very fine timber residence which he named Cremorne. Although the JD OConnor&#39;s had only one child, a daughter born in 1896, they erected a large house designed for entertaining, with generously proportioned rooms, and wide verandahs and verandah pavilions which took advantage of the views of the Brisbane river, southern suburbs and city. It was designed by one of the most fashionable architectural firms of the day, Messrs Eaton & Bates of Brisbane, Rockhampton and Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Sydney-trained architects George T Eaton and Albert E Bates had formed a partnership in Rockhampton and developed a successful Central Queensland practice in the late 19th century, with branch offices established at Mount Morgan and Longreach by 1898, Clermont in 1900, Gladstone in 1901, Maryborough in 1902, and Townsville by 1902. Arthur B Polin of Sydney joined the partnership in Townsville, as Eaton, Bates & Polin. After 1902 their head office was moved to Brisbane, with branches retained at Rockhampton and Townsville. A branch operated briefly at Toowoomba in the early 1900s. They undertook a wide variety of architectural work, from hotels and commercial buildings to residences, hospitals and masonic halls, and received a number of commissions from the Catholic Church - churches, schools, convents and presbyteries. One of their most glamorous commissions was for the new Queen&#39;s Hotel (1901–04) (Telecasters North Queensland Ltd Building) at Townsville. Cremorne (1905–06) is one of their larger residential designs. Their style was eclectic, drawing upon both eastern and western classical traditions, with a particular emphasis on verandahs and pavilions - both as a decorative device and as appropriate to the warm Queensland climate.</p><br>
<p>Eaton & Bates called tenders for a large villa residence on the Eldernell Estate, Hamilton, in June 1905, and this is thought to refer to Cremorne. The JD O&#39;Connors were resident at Mullens Street, Hamilton, by 1907.</p><br>
<p>Three generations of the OConnor family resided on the property for nearly 90 years, and retained ownership until the late 1990s. JD OConnor had transferred title to his wife in 1916, prior to his death (at Cremorne) in 1919. Following Mrs OConnors death in 1952, Cremorne passed to their daughter, Lynette Mulcahy, who had married Thomas Edward Mulcahy in 1921. The Mulcahys had two children, a son and daughter, and Cremorne subsequently passed to their daughter, who subdivided the land, selling the house on a reduced site in 1998. Both the house site and the vacant block in front are included in the heritage listing boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cremorne is a large, imposing, single-storeyed timber residence, situated halfway up the steep slope of Eldernell/Hamilton Hill in Brisbane, with expansive views of the Brisbane River and the city&#39;s southeastern suburbs. It has extensive grounds sloping down the hill to Kingsford Smith Drive, ending in a steep stone cutting, and is a prominent landmark from the southern suburbs. The higher ground has terraced lawns, with a long, central flight of concrete steps leading to the lower terrace. A bituminoid driveway, accessed from Mullens Street through brick entrance pillars and a timber trellis, sweeps in front of the house and up around the eastern side of the property to a carport at the rear. This driveway is lined by an avenue of distinctive, mature Queen Palms Arecastrum romanzoffianum. Further down the slope the grounds comprise mostly indigenous vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The house is almost L-shaped in plan, and has a corrugated iron roof which is a complex of hips, gables, ridges and pavilions, with decorative gablets and finials, and three brick chimneys. There are verandahs, with separate roofs, on all four sides. Several of these have been enclosed. The open verandahs all have simple timber balustrading and timber frieze, and ceilings of narrow tongue and groove timber. Most of the walls are single-skin tongue and groove timber, but where exposed to the weather, are clad externally with chamferboards.</p><br>
<p>Due to excavation and the natural falling away of the ground toward the south, the house is high-set at the front, which faces south toward the river, but low-set at the rear, where there is a small, level backyard excavated from the hillside. The house mostly sits on timber stumps with concrete footings, but the perimeter stumps have been replaced by brick piers with arched timber battening between. A centrally positioned divided brick stair, with a gabled portico above, gives access to the front verandah and front entrance.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation is dominated by a deep, open verandah with large rotundas or pavilions at the southwest and southeast corners, which take advantage of the views and river breezes. This verandah has simple timber valances, posts and balusters, and the rotundas have ogee-shaped cupolas above a frieze of pink and green glass panels. At the southwest corner of the house a large, faceted bay window projects onto the verandah from the main bedroom; this is mirrored at the southeast corner by another faceted bay from the drawing room. Both bays have very fine Art Nouveau leadlights, and there are similar leadlights around the front entrance door. The front exterior wall has later fibrous cement sheeting and timber battening, creating a vaguely Tudoresque appearance.</p><br>
<p>On the western side of the house, the verandah outside the main and second bedrooms is enclosed with casement windows and fibrous cement sheeting behind the timber balustrade, and is separated from the southwest rotunda by large folding timber doors. The narrow, western verandah passageway outside the rear bedrooms and bathroom is only partly enclosed, with a timber frieze and timber lattice infill above the timber balustrade. Part of the eastern verandah, adjacent to the drawing room, is enclosed as a sunroom, with a single door opening onto the southeast corner rotunda. The rear verandah still functions as a passage, but is enclosed with chamferboards and sliding aluminium-framed windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the house retains the original configuration of rooms, with the private rooms on the western side separated by an entrance vestibule and north-south central hallway from the public rooms on the eastern side, and a service wing at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The private rooms comprise a master bedroom and second bedroom opening off the central hall, and a side passage leading west from the central hallway to the dressing room, bathroom, and another bedroom. A small bedroom at the northwest corner of the house is accessed from the now enclosed rear verandah. There is another room, possibly a former bedroom, which also opens off the back verandah, but has been modified substantially.</p><br>
<p>Opening off the front vestibule to the east is the drawing room, which has a southeast bay with leadlight windows and French doors opening onto the front verandah. The dining room olpens off the central hallway and has an eastern bay with leadlights and a large, step-out window opening onto the eastern verandah. Drawing and dining rooms are separated by a side passage which leads east off the central hallway to what is now the sunroom (formerly part of the eastern verandah). The door opening from this hallway to the sunroom is an external door, with leadlight surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The service wing behind the dining room comprises servery, crockery room, kitchen (with a fitout) and two servant&#39;s bedrooms, one of which has early linoleum flooring. A later bathroom and laundry are located on the enclosed verandah of the service wing.</p><br>
<p>The interior has early joinery throughout - including a decorative, arched timber divider between the entrance vestibule and central hallway, and timber arches to the side pasageways - all of which has been painted. The drawing and dining rooms have fireplaces with early marbled timber fireplace surrounds, fireplace and hearth tiles, and metal grates and fenders. Most of the timber partition walls are clad with later fibrous cement sheeting with wallpaper and a later timber dado strip. Most of the rooms have later plaster ceilings, but the entrance vestibule and drawing room have early, decorative pressed metal ceilings. Floors throughout are of narrow hardwood.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cremorne was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cremorne, a large, substantially intact timber residence constructed in 1905-06, is important in illustrating the continued development of Hamilton in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, as one of Brisbane&#39;s most prestigious suburbs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is an outstanding example of Queensland federation-period domestic architecture, which, with its generous verandahs, distinctive rotundas, and attention to ventilation in the design, materials and details, addresses both aspect and climate in a creative and aesthetic manner.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Situated on a prominent riverside site, Cremorne and its grounds are significant for their landmark and aesthetic qualities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house is important as the only identified Brisbane example of the domestic work of architects Eaton & Bates, who made a significant contribution to Queensland architecture in the late 1890s and early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Palma Rosa is a heritage-listed mansion at 9 Queens Road, Hamilton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Andrea Stombuco and built from 1886 to 1887. It is also known as Palmerosa, Palmarosa, and Sans Souci. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Palma Rosa is a three-level sandstone house built in 1886-87, possibly as a speculative venture for, and to the design of, prominent Brisbane architect Andrea Stombuco. It is one of Stombuco&#39;s most flamboyant residential designs, erected at the pinnacle of his success in Queensland. Ironically, construction of the building may also have been a strong contributory cause to his near insolvency in the late 1880s/early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Andrea Stombuco was an Italian sculptor and builder who had travelled widely and was involved in various business enterprises, including stone quarrying at Cape Town in South Africa, before emigrating to Victoria in 1851. After trying his luck on the goldfields, he established himself in Victoria as a sculptor, monumental mason, builder and architect, and found a patron in the Roman Catholic Church. He was the contractor for a number of Catholic churches in Victoria and for most of the stonework of Ballarat Cathedral, and in 1869 was appointed Architect for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Goulburn in New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>Stombuco moved to Queensland in 1875 on the advice of Rev. Patrick Dunne of Goulburn, and may have been appointed Catholic Diocesan Architect, receiving a number of important architectural commissions from the Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane, James OQuinn. These included St Josephs College, Gregory Terrace at Brisbane (1875–76), St Marys Presbytery at Ipswich (1876), St Francis Xavier Church at Goodna (1880–81), part of All Hallows at Petrie Bight (1880–82) and St Patricks Church at Fortitude Valley (1880–82). With his eldest son, Giovanni Stombuco, whom he took into partnership in 1886, he also designed St Josephs Christian Brothers College at Nudgee, erected 1889-90. Among his more prominent non-Catholic works were St Andrews Anglican Church at South Brisbane (1878–83) and Her Majestys Opera House in Queen Street (1885–88).</p><br>
<p>Stombuco designed a number of large houses in Brisbane, including Friedenthal (1886–87) at Eagle Farm for WH Heckelman; and Rhyndarra (1889) at Yeronga for W Williams. He also designed several speculative ventures for himself, including Bertholme at New Farm (now the Moreton Club). When Queensland&#39;s boom economy crashed in 1890, Stombuco was forced to auction his then residence, Briar House - a more modest residence in Lechmere Street, New Farm, which he had erected in 1888 - and left Queensland for Perth, Western Australia in 1891. His wife and son remained in Queensland, but Stombuco never returned, and died in Perth in 1907. Giovanni Stombuco retired from architecture when his father left Queensland in 1891, moving with his mother to Spring Vale Farm at Kuraby.</p><br>
<p>Whether Palma Rosa (originally named Sans Souci -without care) was built as a speculative venture, or whether it was intended as the Stombuco family home, is not clear. If the Stombucos occupied the house, it was very briefly. The house was completed by mid-December 1887, when Stombuco hosted an entertainment at Sans Souci to mark the completion of the building, but from 1888 to 1891, when he left the colony, the Queensland Post Office Directories list Stombuco&#39;s private residence as Lechmere Street, New Farm.</p><br>
<p>Stombuco had obtained title to the Sans Souci site in 1886. At that time it comprised 3 roods 19.2 perches, and was part of the Toorak Estate subdivision. The house was designed in 1886, the year Giovanni Stombuco entered into partnership with his father, but it is not known to what extent he contributed to the design. The house was constructed in 1886-87 by Brisbane contractors JAM O&#39;Keeffe (who possibly had the overall supervision), A Petrie (who supplied the stone) and J Watson (presumably of the plumbing firm Watson Brothers), and builders Bell & McLaughlan.</p><br>
<p>On completion in late 1887, Sans Souci was described in the local press as undoubtedly one of the finest residences in or about Brisbane. The building was of three storeys, and constructed of stone from Petries Quarry (probably the nearby Petries Quarry, on the northern side of Crosby Road). The rooms were all generously proportioned, with elaborate French-polished joinery and highly decorative cornices and ceiling roses in the principal rooms. The main hallway was decorated with an arch supported by fluted columns with corinthian capitals, and had tessellated Minton tiles on the floor. Sicilian marble was used for the steps at the front door and at the porch entrance, and for most of the mantelpieces, which also had Minton tiles in the hearths.</p><br>
<p>Original plans indicate that the sub-floor contained a generous L-shaped dining room, kitchen, scullery, pantry and servant&#39;s room; the piano nobile contained a drawing room and library (connected by folding doors) over the dining room, a boudoir and two bedrooms on the east side of the hall, and a main staircase off the vestibule to the west; and the upper floor accommodated 5 bedrooms and a bathroom. The three floor plans virtually replicated each other, and included a generous hall, 10 feet wide, running centrally north-south on each level. Initially, verandahs across the whole of the southern and western elevations were intended, but only sections of these appear to have been built.</p><br>
<p>In September 1888, Stombuco took out a mortgage of £4,500 on Sans Souci from the Queensland Investment and Land Mortgage Company Ltd, of which Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, Premier of Queensland from May 1870 to January 1874, was a director and principal shareholder. Even before Stombuco left Queensland in 1891, it appears that the mortgage company controlled the property, although Stombuco technically retained title until 1913. The house was clearly a rental property by 1890, at which time it was known as Palmerosa, and was occupied briefly (-90) by prominent Brisbane jeweller Lewis Flegeltaub, who had moved to Newstead House by 1891. Through the 1890s and early 1900s, Palmarosa was home to a number of socially prominent people and their families, including Joseph Bennett (possibly a Fassifern grazier) 1892-93; Reginald E Finlay (manager of the Queensland Investment and Land Mortgage Company Ltd) -97; Captain TM Almond (Queensland portmaster 1890-1902) in the late 1890s; and William Hood, MLA, in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>From to, the principal occupant was Arthur Cecil Hunter Palmer, a civil engineer and second son of Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer. ACH (Cecil) Palmer and his wife, Lorna Barron, appear to have settled at Palmarosa within a year or so of their marriage in August 1902, and in 1913 title to the property was transferred to Mr Palmer. The Palmers were well known in Brisbane society for their race-day verandah parties at Palmarosa, overlooking the Albion Park Raceway, with "bookies" said to have visited the house to take bets. By 1932 the house had been divided into three flats, with the Palmers occupying the top floor. During the Second World War, Palmarosa was occupied by United States military personnel from 1942 to.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Palmer family until title passed in 1945 to Charles Robinson, then to Charles Lawrence Hayles in 1946. In 1951 the residence was converted to a boarding house - several of its residents later became prominent, including Sir William Knox and several judges - and Hayles subdivided the property in 1954. Title to the house block was transferred a number of times in the 1950s, and in the late 1950s or early 1960s the place was converted to a private convalescence hospital. By September 1963 the verandahs had been removed and additional toilets installed for hospital use. Also by this date, the name Palma Rosa was being spelt as two words.</p><br>
<p>In 1972 the property, on a reduced site of just over 1 rood (1181m2) was bought at auction by Ralph Holden on behalf of the English Speaking Union (ESU), a Queensland branch of which he had established in Brisbane in 1968. The ESU, based in London, is an educational, cultural and social society advocating English as an international means of communication. There are a number of branches of the ESU in Australia and in many other nations, but few own property.</p><br>
<p>Since 1972 Palma Rosa has functioned as club rooms and art gallery for the ESU&#39;s Queensland branch. In 1975 a new deed of grant was issued to The English Speaking Union (Queensland Branch), in which the Hamilton land was granted to the Union and its successors Upon Trust for Buildings (Preservation of Historic Heritage) purposes. In the early 1980s the Union installed a resident caretaker at Palma Rosa, a role which later was taken by the president of the English Speaking Union in Queensland, Patricia Johnson, and her family. Repair works for the ESU were undertaken at Palma Rosa between 1972 and the mid-1980s, including reconstruction of the verandahs, and in 1996-97 the Union commissioned a substantial conservation report on the building.</p><br>
<p>By 2010, the ESU sold the property at auction for $3.715 million to a local family who planned to restore the property. The auction was hampered by disruptive actions by some members of the ESU who objected to the sale. In July 2010, the ESU purchased another heritage-listed property at Cook Terrace in Milton.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Palma Rosa is located on a hillside block at Hamilton overlooking the Albion Park Racecourse and Breakfast Creek. From the racecourse, the house is the most prominent building in the landscape, and possesses considerable landmark value.</p><br>
<p>Palma Rosa is a large sandstone residence arranged on three levels (two storeys and a full sub-floor) and has an attached 5 level tower, from the upper level of which there are fine vistas of the Bulimba and Hamilton Reaches of the Brisbane River. The windows on the fourth level of the tower have been filled in.</p><br>
<p>The building has a hipped roof, the outer faces of which are clad with slate tiles and the inner with "panel deck". There are double-storeyed, early 1980s, reconstructed verandahs across the northern (front) and eastern elevations, returning around the southern (rear) elevation to end at a tower. On the western elevation the original verandahs have been enclosed to provide toilets/bathrooms. There is a 3-level, projecting faceted bay, on both the southern and western sides of the building. These take advantage of the vistas over the racecourse to Breakfast Creek and the Brisbane River beyond. The front of the building addresses Queens Road to the north. The principal entrance is via a flight of centrally-positioned front steps leading to the piano nobile.</p><br>
<p>Internally the house comprises 15 main rooms on 3 levels, with a wide vestibule/hallway running centrally north-south through the house on each level. The floor plans of all 3 levels are almost identical. The principal rooms on the ground and first floor are over 4 metres in height and have decorative plaster cornices which are perforated or undercut, and perforated ceiling roses (these appear to have been designed to ventilate to the roof or floor cavity above). There is extensive use of cedar joinery throughout, including panelled reveals and carved transoms to the doorways. The hallway on the principal level has tessellated tiles on the floor and corinthian pilasters to the archway separating hall from vestibule. There are 8 fireplaces with marble surrounds and tiles to the hearths, as well as the kitchen flue.</p><br>
<p>The house occupies most of the 1181m? block, with a few trees and shrubs along the side boundaries and a small lawn at the rear. There is little original planting. Across the front of the property is a masonry and cast-iron fence.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Palma Rosa was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Palma Rosa, erected in 1887 on a scale and finish unusual even in Brisbanes more substantial 19th century homes, is important in illustrating the confidence in the 1880s boom which re-shaped Queenslands economic environment, and created a building boom in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Palma Rosa, erected in 1887 on a scale and finish unusual even in Brisbanes more substantial 19th century homes, is important in illustrating the confidence in the 1880s boom which re-shaped Queenslands economic environment, and created a building boom in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is an excellent example of the domestic work of prominent Brisbane architect Andrea Giovanni Stombuco and is a splendid example of an 1880s elite residence in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The ornately decorated interior, reflective of the architect&#39;s flamboyant taste, is of strong aesthetic value.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has landmark value, and has had a special association for the English Speaking Union as their Brisbane club rooms since 1972.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has landmark value, and has had a special association for the English Speaking Union as their Brisbane club rooms since 1972.</p><br>
<p>Quamichan Lake is a lake in the Cowichan Valley region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located three kilometres to the northeast of the City of Duncan.</p><br>
<p>Quamichan Lake and its sister Somenos Lake were created 11,000 years ago by receding glaciers. Both lakes contribute to Cowichan River. Quamichan Lake&#39;s outflow is Quamichan Creek which joins with Somenos Creek, the outflow from Somenos Lake, which flows to Cowichan River.</p><br>
<p>The Cowichan Watershed Board identifies a common set of conditions for both shallow lakes:</p><br>
<p>excessive nutrient loading from the farms and homes which surround the lakes</p><br>
<p>insufficient "flushing" in summer due to reduced inflows and truncated outflows</p><br>
<p>increased plant growth ("algae-blooms"), and</p><br>
<p>eutrophication (reduced oxygen as the vegetation decomposes)</p><br>
<p>intensified warming</p><br>
<p>In autumn 2016, the lake&#39;s algae received public attention after news coverage of its killing at least four dogs.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>"Quamichan" was an ogress in the lore of the Cowichan peoples who stole and ate children whose name was adopted by the subgroup of the Cowichan also called Kw&#39;amutsun. Their community was adjacent to the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Habitat</h2><br>
<p>The surface area of Quamichan Lake is 313.4 hectares with a maximum depth of 8.2 m and a mean depth of 4.7 m. The surrounding watershed for this large, shallow lake is 16.3 km².</p><br>
<p>The Cowichan Garry Oak Preserve is located alongside the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is habitat to algae and trout.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the Quamichan Watershed Stewardship Society ("Quamichan Stewards") was formed by residents and farmers living around Quamichan Lake who were concerned about its degrading condition.</p><br>
<p>Between 2010 and 2014, about 65,500 trout were added to the lake by a hatchery. In 2014, a trout refuge including 1,500 linear feet of a bubble aeration system was constructed by a collaboration between the Municipality of North Cowichan, the Rotary Club of Duncan, TimberWest Forest Corporation, Woodmere Strata Corporation, Aquatech Environmental Systems and the Quamichan Watershed Stewardship Society. The provision of compressed air addresses a lack of oxygen in late summer caused by demise of algae.</p><br>
<h2>Residential area</h2><br>
<p>Art Mann Park Beach is a municipal recreational park with play areas and a boat launch.</p><br>
<p>The lakeside residences include some among the highest-priced on Vancouver Island north of Victoria. The Irish Rovers singer Will Millar lives among the lakeside residency.</p><br>
<p>Uanda is a heritage-listed detached house at 27 Clifton Street, Wilston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Nellie McCredie and built in 1928. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Uanda, a low-set timber cottage built in 1928, is situated on two blocks originally part of Suburban Allotment No. 21 granted to Michael O&#39;Neill in 1855. The Allotment slopes down from Newmarket Road to Enoggera Creek. The land subsequently passed through the hands of several owners until the boom in residential development in the area during the 1920s and 1930s following the extension of the electric tramline to Windsor in 1914 and the Grange in 1928. The area became known as the Langley Bank Estate and the portion of the Estate between Vardon and Granville Streets was re-subdivided and additional streets added, including Clifton Street, before being offered for sale again as the "model Darrima Estate" in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In April 1928, re-subdivisions 47 and 48 were purchased by Richard Jack, a young wool classer of Brisbane. By this time about 20 homes had been built in Clifton Street. The Brisbane City Council Building Application Register for 26 April 1928 records Jack&#39;s application for construction of the house at a cost of £799. The entry records that the architect was N. McCredie and the builder HW Dillecate of Milton. The house was constructed promptly and Richard Jack and his family were living in the house by October 1928. The house is named on the 1934 detail plan for the Brisbane City Council Water Supply and Sewerage Department as Uanda. The name is thought to have an association with a property near Hughenden which had some special attachment for the Jacks. The Jacks remained in the house until 1960 when the property was sold. It was sold again in 1966 when it was converted to a duplex. The property has since changed hands several times.</p><br>
<p>When constructed the house was rectangular in plan with a central projecting open front porch containing the entry steps and door to the south. The porch was flanked by bay windows and the house contained an entry hall, two bedrooms, kitchen, dining nook, living room, bathroom, sleepout verandah to the south east and laundry under. The kitchen had built-in cupboards; the bathroom had a laundry chute connecting to a cupboard in the laundry beneath the house; the lounge opened onto the entry hall through 4 large glass paneled doors; the lounge and main bedroom were wallpapered; other walls throughout the house were lined with vertical tongue and groove boards; and the living room had a plate rail. The house was originally painted cream with dark green to the bay windows.</p><br>
<p>Uanda is currently the only identified work of architect and potter Nellie McCredie. The career of Nellie McCredie is typical of the careers of women who entered the architectural profession prior to World War Two. These early women architects were rarely able to sustain their careers and as a result, examples of their work are extremely rare. Only three Brisbane buildings, including Uanda, have been identified. The other two were designed by Elina Mottram who practiced in Brisbane from 1924 to 1926.</p><br>
<p>Nellie McCredie was a member of a leading architectural family with associations with Queensland as well as New South Wales. She was the niece of well-known Sydney architects Arthur Latimer and George McCredie who from 1889 to 1893 opened a Brisbane office, as McCredie Brothers and Chambers. Nellie McCredie&#39;s cousin, Leith C. McCredie, was also an architect and worked in the 1920s in the Sydney firm of Robertson and Marks.</p><br>
<p>Nellie McCredie graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Sydney in 1923, one of Australias earliest architectural graduates. After graduating, she worked briefly for Dorman, Long and Company, contractors for the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Later she worked with several unidentified architects in Cairns for about 10 months, then came south to Brisbane where she was employed from November 1925 to early 1929 as a Draftswoman in the Workers Dwellings Branch of the State Advances Corporation. It has not been possible to identify any of the work produced by the Workers&#39; Dwellings Branch as work by McCredie as government drawings of the period were rarely signed by their designers. It was during this time that she designed Uanda as a private commission.</p><br>
<p>Nellie McCredie was concerned with improving the quality of life of the average Australian. In her Bachelor of Architecture thesis she advocates simple, chaste buildings in "appropriate" settings generously planted with trees, illustrating her ideas with "a pretty suburban cottage" not unlike Uanda in its symmetry, central entrance porch and simple hipped roof. In her preference for simple, classic buildings McCredie reflects the ideals of her university teachers, including Professor Leslie Wilkinson.</p><br>
<p>Like many of her women contemporaries, her practice of architecture was not to be sustained. Having studied pottery in Brisbane under the master craftsman, LJ Harvey, McCredie returned to Sydney in 1932 where she became a professional potter, setting up a commercial pottery at Epping in partnership with her younger brother Robert Reginald (Bob) McCredie. She exhibited actively with the New South Wales Society of Arts and Crafts into the 1950s and in 1951 won the Society&#39;s Elizabeth Soderberg Memorial Award for pottery. Pottery by the McCredies is well regarded for its simplicity and craftsmanship. It is represented in five public collections in Australia: National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Powerhouse Museum (Sydney), Art Gallery of South Australia and Shepparton Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>At some point the verandah was enclosed and in 1966, the house was converted into a duplex. When the house was sold in 1998, the owner intended to demolish it (there being no heritage listing at that time) to construct two residences for their family. However, when the Brisbane City Council Heritage Unit initiated research on the house, they discovered it was the work of one of Brisbanes few female architects in the period between the First World War and the Second World War and proposed that the property be heritage-listed, resulting in a court case to determine if the property could be demolished. The relatively short architectural career of Nellie McCredie was put forward as an argument that she was neither a serious nor significant architect and therefore the propertys association with her was not grounds for a heritage listing. The resultant court case acknowledged that the property had been bought in good faith with the intention of demolition based on professional advice that there was no barrier to doing so, but ultimately decided that the property should be heritage-listed for its association with Nellie McCredie and not demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1928 across two blocks of land, Uanda is a low-set, hip-roofed, single-storey timber cottage set in a leafy street among timber houses of the same era. Rectangular in plan with a central projecting front porch flanked by bay windows, the house is clad with weatherboards and has a simple valance of timber palings to the lower level. The bay windows have bell-curved, shingle-clad skirts and multi-paned sash windows below flat projecting roofs and are supported on exposed timbers with a bird-mouth detail to the ends. The roof is tiled and has short projecting eaves with v-j boarded soffit. The house is elevated on concrete stumps, approximately one metre above the ground at the front and higher at the back as the ground slopes away.</p><br>
<p>The porch is now enclosed with weatherboards, glass louvres and casement windows and contains two entrance doors, each with a concrete stair with steel balustrade. Internally, there is evidence of the original pair of timber framed doors in the southern wall. On the exterior, there is evidence of twin corner verandah posts with decorative cappings. The porch is generously proportioned and has had an internal dividing wall recently removed. The floors are covered with linoleum and the ceiling is timber v-j boarding.</p><br>
<p>The original planning of the house is clearly discernible; public rooms with decorative details are located towards the front of the house and service rooms are at the back, although there are now two kitchens and two bathrooms dating from when the house was converted to a duplex. The principal rooms at the front of the house are lined in a compressed timber-fibre sheet material (known commercially as "beaver board") with decorative joinery, in particular, ornate cornices and architraves and a plate rail in the former living room, now divided into two smaller rooms. The ceilings have a grid-like pattern of timber strips and floors are timber boarding. Several of the interior doors are timber with four horizontal panels and some original hardware and there is also a multi-paned, timber and glass door between the front bedroom and hall.</p><br>
<p>The original kitchen is located in the north-west corner of the house, is lined vertical timber v-j boarding and contains some of the original joinery, including a set of tall cupboards. There is a set of three casement windows over the sink and a small timber sash window next to the back door. A toilet is located on the landing outside the backdoor of the kitchen next to a set of timber steps. The second kitchen is located in the north-east corner in the former sleep-out. This room has a door and stairs to the back garden. On the exterior of this room there are several timber decorative details including timber capitals and panels of early, painted timber slatted blinds. The two bathrooms are located between the kitchens. Both have terrazzo floors, baths and small cabinets. The top of the laundry chute remains in one of the bathrooms, however, the chute itself and cupboard in the laundry on the ground floor have been removed.</p><br>
<p>Two laundry hoists are located on a concrete slab in the back garden. A timber framed and fibro garage is located on the western side of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Uanda was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Uanda, a low set, single storey timber house built in 1928, is historically important for its association with the entry of women into the professions in Queensland, particularly into the architectural profession.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As one of a small number of surviving intact examples of the work of pioneer women architects in Queensland and the only remaining architectural work of Nellie McCredie, Uanda demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Uanda has aesthetic significance derived from its careful, symmetrical composition, interior detailing and its contribution to the streetscape - in form and massing sympathetic to its neighbours and contributing a modest presence to a leafy suburban street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Uanda has a strong and special association with the work of Nellie McCredie, an important pioneer woman architect, potter and member of a leading architectural family with associations with Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The West Paris Lodge No. 15, I.O.O.F. is a historic fraternal clubhouse at 221 Main Street in West Paris, Maine. It was built during 1876-80 by the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows , and served as the meeting place for the fraternal organization into the 1980s. It is also a significant meeting space for social events in the wider community. The building, now owned by the local historical society, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The West Paris IOOF Lodge hall is a two story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation that is partly granite and partly brick. A shed-roof addition extends to the rear of the building. The building has vernacular Italianate styling, with paired scroll brackets in the eaves and along the rake and gable edge, and pilasters at the corners. The main facade, facing northwest, has two windows, symmetrically placed on each of the two main levels, and a fifth window in the gable; the latter is topped by a triangular moulding in which a panel contains a plaque inscribed "1876". Between the windows on the first level is the main entrance, a double door sheltered by a hood supported by scrolled brackets. A second, more modest entrance, is sandwiched between the rightmost window and the building corner; this entry provides access to the lodge facilities on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The first floor interior houses a vestibule area, and then a kitchen, with a large hall serving as a dining area that also has a stage. A stairway area off the vestibule serves to provide access to both the basement and the upper level, which is also accessible via the outside door. The stairs from each lead to a landing, from which a door with a peephole provides access to a vestibule flanked by storage areas. This configuration was arranged to limit entry to the upper level lodge facilities to authorized individuals. This area includes trappings of the IOOF, including portraits of its leaders as well as ceremonial regalia. The lodge auditorium, which takes up most of the floor, has been converted into a museum exhibit space by the historical society.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built c. 1880 by Silas Maxim, a local builder, and is one of West Paris&#39; largest civic buildings. It was originally built to house facilities for both the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), and of the local Masonic chapter. The Masons built their own hall next door to this building in 1893. This building was enlarged in length by about 15 ft in 1889, visible in part by the use of brick for the foundation of the addition. This addition included the stage, and made possible the staging of theatrical and musical events in the hall. The building was sold to the West Paris Historical Society in 1986, which uses the hall as an office space and museum.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Carleton House is a historic house on North Main Street in Sangerville, Maine. Built c. 1819, it is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Piscataquis County. The 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with vernacular Federal style, was built by Robert Carleton on land purchased from his brother, a worker in the nearby fulling mill. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Carleton House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, two interior chimneys near the side walls, and a granite foundation. The main facade, facing south, is five bays wide, with a central entry that has flanking sidelight windows, and a Federal-style surround that has pilasters supported in an entablature with cornice. The windows are uniformly 12-over-12 sash. A single-story ell, probably an early addition, extends to the north. The interior has a central hall plan, with two rooms on each side of the hall on both floors. These rooms have original Federal period woodwork, including fireplace mantels, wainscoting, trim, and doors.</p><br>
<p>The town of Sangerville was first settled c. 1801-02, and Thomas Prince, one of the early arrivals, established a fulling mill on what is now called Carleton Stream, which empties into the nearby Piscataquis River. One Prince&#39;s workers, Guy Carleton, purchased the land on which this house stands in 1818. The following year he sold it to his brother Robert, who built the house. Robert was a prominent member of the local militia, seeing some heightened activity during the border dispute with neighboring New Brunswick known as the Aroostook War. Guy Carleton established his own mill, which survived as a business into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Scotland Neck Historic District is a national historic district located at Scotland Neck, Halifax County, North Carolina. It encompasses 249 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of the town of Scotland Neck. The district includes notable examples of Greek Revival and Gothic Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Hoffman-Bowers-Josey-Riddick House. Other notable buildings include the Fenner-Shields-Lamb House ; D. Edmondson Building , E. T. Whitehead drug store ; Scotland Neck Bank ; Baptist Church ; Trinity Episcopal Church ; and town hall and fire station , brick gymnasium and vocational building , and one-story, elongated brick multiple housing unit  built by the Works Progress Administration. The latter building was utilized as a prisoner-of-war camp during World War II.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Nicolas Baudin Island is an island in the Australian state of South Australia located about 500 m west of Cape Blanche on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula about 25 km south south-west of the town of Streaky Bay. The island is notable as a breeding site for Australian sea lions. The island has enjoyed protected area status since 2003 when it became part of the Nicolas Baudin Island Conservation Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Nicolas Baudin Island is an island located about 500 m west of Cape Blanche on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia about 25 km south south-west of the town of Streaky Bay.</p><br>
<p>The island was described in 2007 as follows:The island is about 10 hectare in area and is surrounded by reefs on all but the landward (eastern) side. It is composed of large boulders and slabs of red-brown granite, as well as sandy areas and intertidal pools. Most of the island is low and partly inundated each high tide, with several elevated boulders forming the highest points.</p><br>
<p>Since January 2003, access to both to the island and the waters surrounding it have been prohibited as a regulatory measure to protect a breeding site for the Australian sea lion.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>Nicolas Baudin Island was formed between 6000 and 7700 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene. The island’s geology consists of a basement of a granite associated with the Gawler Craton and which is bare of any remnants of overlying layers of rock. The island’s north side drops into water of at least a depth of 15 m while its west side drops to depth of 20 m. The sea bed falls to a depth of 50 m about 2.2 km to the west of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>As of 2007, Nicolas Baudin Island is reported as not having any terrestrial vegetation.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Surveys of fauna present on Nicolas Baudin Island have focused on vertebrates such as seal lions, seals and birds.</p><br>
<h4>Sea lions and seals</h4><br>
<p>The island is notable as a rookery for the Australian sea lion and as a haul out for New Zealand fur seals.</p><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<p>Surveys of bird life carried out from 2002 to 2005 revealed breeding populations of Pacific gull and sooty oystercatcher as well as sightings of the following species using the island as a roosting point: little penguin, short-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, little pied cormorant, black-faced cormorant, pied cormorant, little black cormorant, great cormorant, Australian pelican, white-faced heron, silver gull, caspian tern and crested tern.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery and use</h3><br>
<p>Nicolas Baudin Island was not discovered by either of the expeditions led by Matthew Flinders and Nicolas Baudin. It was presumably identified during surveys carried out by the Government of South Australia following settlement in 1836 as ‘a result of the need to document South Australian waters and, in particular, their hazards, and to ascertain the nature of the coast for settlement.’</p><br>
<p>The island was informally known as Cape Blanche Island. The present name was selected in 2002 via a public competition held in association with the process to proclaim the island and its adjoining waters as a conservation park. The island’s name officially declared in May 2003 after the proclamation of the conservation park in January 2003.</p><br>
<p>The commercial fishing of greenlip abalone by the use of underwater diving methods takes place in the vicinity of the island. As of 2006, fishing by diving within the boundaries of the Nicolas Baudin Island Conservation Park is permitted by licence and only during periods outside of the breeding cycle of the Australian sea lion.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>Nicolas Baudin Island received protected area status under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 on 16 January 2003 as part of a conservation park that includes both the island and adjoining waters beyond the low water mark. The waters adjoining the island are also within a sanctuary zone in the West Coast Bays Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Weldon Historic District is a national historic district located at Weldon, Halifax County, North Carolina. It encompasses 256 contributing buildings, 2 contributing structures, and 9 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of the town of Weldon. The district includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. The district overlaps the Roanoke Canal Historic District. Notable buildings include the Larkin-Hart House , Ashley L. Stainback House c. , Smith-Dickens House , DeLeon F. Green House  designed by William Lawrence Bottomley, Emry-Zollicoffer Building , Bank of Weldon Building , George C. Green Building/Bank of Halifax Building , Weldon Grocery Company Building ,  Weldon Town Hall , United States Post Office , Weldon Freight Depot , Coca-Cola Bottling Company , and Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Embankment and Viaduct.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Roanoke Rapids Historic District is a national historic district located at Roanoke Rapids, Halifax County, North Carolina. It encompasses 1,130 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites, 27 contributing structures, and 1 contributing structure in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of the town of Roanoke Rapids. The district includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Roanoke Rapids High School. Other notable buildings include workers houses in four local mill villages, Driscoll-Piland-Webb House , Dickens-Webb House , Samuel F. Patterson , Council-Coburn House , First Presbyterian Church , All Saints Episcopal Church designed by Hobart Upjohn ,  First Baptist Church ,  Nurses Home and School , Clara Hearne Elementary School ,  North Carolina National Guard Armory ,  United States Post Office , Rosemary Drug Co. Building , Shelton Hotel , First National Bank Building , J. C. Penney and Co. Building , McCrory Co. Building , Imperial Theatre Building ,  Seaboard Air Line Passenger Station , Rosemary Manufacturing Company complex, Patterson Mills Co. , and Roanoke Mills Co. Plant No. 2. .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Loch Davan is a small, triangular, freshwater loch approximately 5 mi northeast of Ballater, Scotland and lying immediately north of Loch Kinord. It is approximately 0.75 mi in length and was formed from a glacial kettle hole.</p><br>
<p>The loch sits within the Muir of Dinnet National Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Due to its shallowness, light penetrates to the loch floor. Consequently, many species of aquatic plants exist including water lobelia, quillwort and shoreweed. Around the perimeter reeds, sedges, horsetails, bulrushes and willow scrub are found. The loch is also home to pike, otters, migrating geese and other wildfowl.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The remains of a medieval moated homestead, known as The Heugh are visible on the northern shore of the loch. The Heugh is thought to have been the Hall of Logy Rothwayne, the headquarters of Andrew de Moray during the Battle of Culblean in 1335.</p><br>
<h2>Survey</h2><br>
<p>The loch was surveyed on 10 July 1905 by T.N. Johnston and L.W. Collett and later charted as part of the Sir John Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.</p><br>
<p>The Agassiz Bedrock Outcrop is a geographic feature of Ellsworth, Maine that is significant in the history of geology. Located at 406 State Street , it is an outcrop of Ellsworth schist marked with striations created by glacial action between 25,000 and 13,000 years ago. This outcrop was analyzed by Harvard University geologist Louis Agassiz in 1864 and described in his groundbreaking 1867 paper, Glacial Phenomena in Maine. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The outcrop consists of an extended patch of bedrock on the southwest side of State Street, of which two sections are presently visible on the surface. They are located at the southeast and northeast corners of the property at 406 Main Street, whose gravel driveway runs over the bedrock between the two visible sections. The southeastern section is about 20 ft square, with a smooth surface on which several parallel grooves are scratched. The northeastern section is about 30 x, with a series of deep grooves. It is in particular possible to trace grooves made by stones dragged by the glacier by extending the trajectory of the grooves from one section across the parking area to the other. The buildings and other improvements on the property are not historically significant.</p><br>
<p>The mid-19th century was a period of significant debate within the geological community about the nature of markings found in northern New England similar to those found here. A common belief was that they were caused by drifting icebergs during the Flood of Noah, as recounted in the Bible. The first hypothesis involving a massive glacier was proposed in 1859 by John DeLaski, an amateur geologist from Rockland, Maine, which did not receive significant scientific press until 1864. That summer, Louis Agassiz, then a professor at Harvard, vacationed in Maine, and examined a variety of bedrock locations from the coast as far inland as Mount Katahdin. His 1867 paper, Glacial Phenomena in Maine, described his findings from this trip, and proposed that North America, like much of northern Europe, had been covered by ice sheets. He specifically mentioned the "splendid polished surfaces" found at Ellsworth Falls, "with scratches and furrows pointing due north" as one piece of evidence in support of his argument.</p><br>
<p>John A. McKay House and Manufacturing Company is a historic home and factory complex located at Dunn, Harnett County, North Carolina. The house was built about 1840, and is a two-story, double pile, Greek Revival style frame dwelling. It features a full-facade, one-story porch and two-story, portico. Associated with the house are a barn, later remodeled with garage doors, a smokehouse, a storage/wash house, and fence. The main factory building was built in 1903, and is a two-story U-shaped building, with a two-story shed, gable roofed ell, and another ell. Other contributing factory buildings are an office , two privies, McKay Manufacturing Company building , trailer assembly room , steel house , foundry , cleaning rooms , wood storage building , boiler room , pattern room , and flask shop .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Summer Villa and McKay–Salmon House is a historic plantation complex and national historic district located near Lillington, Harnett County, North Carolina. It encompasses seven contributing buildings on a rural farm complex. Summer Villa was built about 1849, and is a two-story, five bay, Greek Revival style dwelling updated in the early 20th century Classical Revival style. It features a central, two-story pedimented portico supported by monumental Doric order columns with a one-story wraparound porch. The outbuildings associated with Summer Villa include the "Playhouse", carriage house , corn crib and three outbuildings. The McKay–Salmon House built in the last quarter of the 19th century and is a one-story decorated frame cottage.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Harnett County Training School, also known as Harnett High School, is a historic school complex for African-American students located at Dunn, Harnett County, North Carolina. The complex was built between 1922 and 1956, and consists of one two-story and five single-story brick buildings. They include a gable front combined Gymnasium/Auditorium ; the two-story, 14 teacher, flat-roofed, Colonial Revival-style Rosenwald-funded Harnett County Training School ; a detached brick boiler room ; two, one-story, flat-roofed Library and Office Building and Cafeteria buildings ; and a one-story, flat-roofed Rosenwald-funded classroom annex added in 1927, now designated the Education Building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Chatanika Gold Camp is a historic gold mining camp at Mile 27¾ of the Steese Highway in Chatanika, Alaska. The camp is set on about 49 acre over looking Cleary Creek, and consists of thirteen buildings as well as a scattering of old mining tools and equipment. The largest of the buildings are two bunkhouses, finished in corrugated metal. The camp was built in 1925 by the Fairbanks Exploration Company , which also dug the nearby Davidson Ditch to supply water for the operation of the gold dredges. The Chatanika Camp was the largest of the FEC&#39;s mining camps in the Fairbanks area. Five of the surviving buildings date to the initial construction period.</p><br>
<p>The camp was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Cross Terrace is a heritage-listed terrace house at 44-50 Cairns Terrace, Red Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is also known as Cairns Terrace. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This former row of four, two-storeyed timber houses was erected in 1887-88 on newly subdivided land purchased by Joseph Cross, a printer or machinist in the Government Printing Office, in late 1886. He was resident at the terrace by 1888.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were erected at the height of the 1880s economic boom. Possibly because of the Undue Subdivision of Land Prevention Act 1885, which prevented individual row houses from being sold on separate titles, the Cross family occupied at least two of the houses originally, and what might otherwise have been built as cheap rental accommodation was larger in scale and more decorative in appearance than usual. Many other inner suburban multiple dwellings were built in timber during the 1880s, but most either were single-storeyed or semi-detached. Its construction reflected also the growing acceptance of timber and corrugated iron in more prestigious dwellings.</p><br>
<p>Each house comprised six main rooms on four levels: front room and parlour at street level; two bedrooms on the first floor; an attic room; and a kitchen beneath the rear half of each house. The exterior walls were clad with chamferboards and the single gabled roof with corrugated iron, while the interior was lined with lath and plaster. The double verandahs with curved iron roofs to front and back were decorated with cast-iron fringes and balustrades and a decorative timber frieze to the front. Four semi-circular dormer windows with scalloped bargeboards faced the street.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s three of the four houses were known as Keira, Mascotte and Kiama.</p><br>
<p>Cross retained possession of the houses until 1910, during which time white collar, craft and business persons were predominant occupants. After 1945 the building was converted into flats, with the verandahs boarded and louvered to provide modern kitchens and bathrooms. In the 1980s the buildings were renovated and converted into a single house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cross Terrace is located on a ridge road in central Red Hill, and is visible from many Paddington vantage points to the south. It is set close to the street alignment at the front and is the most prominent dwelling in a street lined with traditional housing.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-storeyed, timber framed and clad building with a gabled roof and double verandahs to front and back.</p><br>
<p>Little remains of the original interior except the fireplaces. The ground floor has been converted into kitchen, dining, sitting, music and bathrooms and the first floor into bedrooms, around a wide open two-level gallery connected by a new central staircase.</p><br>
<p>French doors opening to the front verandahs have been retained, but the plain stick balusters and frieze on the verandahs are recent, and the dormers have been removed. A double carport with twin gables is located in the centre front.</p><br>
<p>Despite these changes the gabled, four level form remains intact, as well as the main openings and chimneystacks.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cross Terrace was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cross Terrace is significant for its association with the closer settlement of the Red Hill area in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Cross Terrace is significant as the only known evidence of the late 19th century two-storeyed timber terrace house type to survive in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Cross Terrace is significant as a local landmark and for its contribution to the streetscape along Cairns Terrace.</p><br>
<p>Normanby Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 1 Musgrave Road, Red Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John B Nicholson and built in by Thomas Game. It was extended in 1917 to a design by George Henry Male Addison. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick hotel was constructed in 1890 for Brisbane publican Elizabeth Sophia Burton, on land acquired by her husband in 1865.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 the Burtons erected the first Normanby Hotel on the site, a modest two-storeyed building which fronted Kelvin Grove Road. It is likely that the hotel was named after the recently appointed Queensland Governor George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby. In 1889, the licensee William Valentine (son-in-law of the Burtons) decided to demolish the hotel to make way for the newer larger hotel facing Musgrave Road.</p><br>
<p>Architect John Beauchamp Nicholson called tenders for the new Normanby Hotel in late 1889. The successful contractor was Thomas Game with a price of £4,100, including fittings. The new hotel was formally opened on Monday 1 December 1890 with a dinner for fifty men, most of them prominent citizens including James Drake and John Annear (both Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly).</p><br>
<p>Alterations were made in 1917, to plans prepared by architect George Henry Male Addison.</p><br>
<p>The Burton family owned the hotel until 1944, and were both licensees and occupants for much of that time.</p><br>
<p>The Normanby Hotel has become a Brisbane landmark, and lends its name to the adjacent Normanby Fiveways, the intersection of five inner city arterial roads.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The substantial, Queen Anne styled brick hotel stands in a prominent location on the northern ridge above Petrie Terrace, and dominates the vista at the Normanby Fiveways. It occupies a corner site and is two-storeyed to Musgrave Road and three to Kelvin Grove Road at the rear, where the land drops steeply.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of a central rectangular block with two wings at the rear and projecting bays at the front. The whole is capped by an elaborately gabled roof of corrugated iron, with Tudor style timber detailing in the gable ends, cast-iron finials above, and decorative brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The principal facades to the southwest and southeast are richly ornamented with cantilevered balconies beneath the gables, arcaded verandahs, and an oriel window which once overlooked the city. The Musgrave Road facade has been altered at street level, but the upper level remains intact.</p><br>
<p>At the rear are two additions: an interwar single-storeyed masonry extension, and an unsympathetic modern brick bottle shop.</p><br>
<p>Established shade trees to the southeast now obscure the city facade, and a terraced beer garden has been created beneath them.</p><br>
<p>Internally the ground floor has been remodelled, but the upper floor remains substantially intact.</p><br>
<p>Despite the alterations and painting of the face brickwork, the Normanby Hotel retains its picturesque quality.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Normanby Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Normanby Hotel at Red Hill, constructed in 1890 as the second Normanby Hotel on the site, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Petrie Terrace/Musgrave Road as a major arterial road in Brisbane&#39;s inner northwestern suburbs</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates an early Brisbane use of Queen Anne stylistic elements in commercial design, and, along with the Norman Hotel at Buranda, is important as one of the few known examples of the commercial work of Brisbane architect JB Nicholson.</p><br>
<p>The interwar bottleshop is significant as a substantially intact and increasingly rare example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a picturesque, substantially intact, late 19th century hotel, employing decorative elements calculated to be popularly pleasing, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates an early Brisbane use of Queen Anne stylistic elements in commercial design, and, along with the Norman Hotel at Buranda, is important as one of the few known examples of the commercial work of Brisbane architect JB Nicholson.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is a picturesque, substantially intact, late 19th century hotel, employing decorative elements calculated to be popularly pleasing, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place has strong landmark quality, and both the 1890 main building and the interwar bottleshop, along with mature trees in the grounds, make a significant contribution to the Red Hill/Petrie Terrace townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates an early Brisbane use of Queen Anne stylistic elements in commercial design, and, along with the Norman Hotel at Buranda, is important as one of the few known examples of the commercial work of Brisbane architect JB Nicholson.</p><br>
<p>Warriston is a heritage-listed duplex at 6-8 Musgrave Road, Red Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Berley Flats. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Warriston was built for David Pringle Milne, a Brisbane west ward alderman from 1870–76, retired boot and shoe importer/manufacturer, and proprietor of the Glasgow Boot and Shoe Mart in Queen Street. The semi-detached houses may have been named after Warriston, a northern district of Glasgow.</p><br>
<p>In 1866 and 1874 Milne had acquired two blocks of land fronting Petrie Terrace (renamed Musgrave Road in 1888), and was recorded as resident on the site from the late 1860s. The kitchen houses attached to the present Warriston may be the original Milne residence.</p><br>
<p>The Milnes occupied No. 2 Warriston (the northern house and closest to the corner of Earle Street and Musgrave Road) until David Milnes death in 1897, while the other side was let to a succession of middle class occupants. These included surveyors WM Davidson and CT Bedford, Albert E Harte (a prominent Queen-street stock and share broker), and Captain James C OBrien of the Queensland Defence Force. During the 1890s a private school operated in Warriston No. 1. From the 1910s Warriston served as a boarding house, and in the second half of the 20th century was converted into twelve flats (known as Berley Flats), the verandahs being enclosed and the exterior sheeted with asbestos-cement and stucco.</p><br>
<p>In 1986-88 new owners undertook a careful restoration and recycling project to convert the semi-detached houses (at that time still flats) into offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Warriston stands on the crest above the Normanby Fiveways, on the edge of the suburb of Petrie Terrace. The building is associated visually with the Normanby Hotel, and together these buildings frame the view of the city from Musgrave Road.</p><br>
<p>Warriston comprises a pair of two-storeyed, semi-detached timber residences with verandahs on both levels, front and back. They are surmounted by a corrugated iron roof with a single hip to the front, but with a divided roof to the rear. Separated by a brick party wall which does not rise above the roofline, from the street, the two houses appear as a single entity.</p><br>
<p>A double staircase with a cross-braced timber balustrade leads to the first level, which is high set at the front. Decorative timber detailing to the front verandahs includes cross-braced balustrades with central rosettes, deep valances on the first level, and double posts with capitals and brackets. The rear verandahs have been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The side windows, which are sashed, are shaded by galvanised iron hoods with timber fretwork infill and curved timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>Each house is a mirror reflection of the other, with the front door opening into a long hall along the brick party wall. This hall is broken into two sections by an arched screen, with the stairway rising from the rear.</p><br>
<p>The core of each house consists of a pair of reception rooms separated by folding doors on the ground floor, and three bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs, both levels opening onto the verandahs front and back.</p><br>
<p>The kitchens are located in a single-storeyed, low-set, timber building attached at the rear. It is square in shape with a short-ridged roof of corrugated iron and verandahs to either end.</p><br>
<p>Although the former houses now function as offices, the fabric and structure are largely intact. Paint analysis has permitted repainting to the original colours.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of few 19th century semi-detached houses surviving in Brisbane, and is even rarer for its timber construction.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warriston was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Historically it is significant in illustrating the pattern of development of Petrie Terrace, one of the earliest suburbs of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Warriston, erected, is significant as a rare, intact timber example of the 19th century semi-detached house form in Brisbane, and in particular of the common-roof type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important for its aesthetic contribution to the Petrie Terrace/Red Hill townscape, and for the quality of its restoration and recycling, demonstrating that 19th century form and 20th century function can be compatible.</p><br>
<p>Frank Smathers House, also known as The Evergreens, is a historic home located at Waynesville, Haywood County, North Carolina. It was built in 1926, and is a 1 1/2-story, "H"-shaped, eclectic frame dwelling with Gothic Revival and Colonial Revival style design elements. It features a steeply pitched, cross gable roof with imbricated fish-scale asphalt shingles, brick interior slope chimneys, projecting eaves, and exposed rafters. Also on the property are a contributing barn  and stone retaining wall . It was built as a summer home and family cottage for the Frank Smathers family, who owned the home from 1926 until 1988. USA Senator George Smathers  was a son of Frank Smathers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Loch of Tankerness is a large, lowland, freshwater loch on the Orkney mainland in Scotland. The loch is roughly triangular in shape and is shallow with a flat bottom that gradually deepens from west to east. It lies approximately 4 mi southeast of Kirkwall.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology and history</h2><br>
<p>The remains of a broch stand on a short promontory on the southwest shore. It is thought that the broch is the Howie of the Manse.</p><br>
<p>At the edge of the loch, on the eastern shore, is a burnt mound. Beside the mound is a Bronze Age structure that is presumed to be a house. It is in the form of erect slabs and a slab floor, forming an oval plan. When the loch&#39;s water level dropped during the drought of 1980, the house was further exposed and recorded. At that time archaeological artefacts were retrieved from the loch including the point of an early plough.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern shore is a filter room and pump house. It was originally built in the late 19th century and powered by an oil engine. The engine was replaced in the 1940s with a windpump.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Greenland white-fronted goose is occasionally seen on the loch. In 1960s 50-100 geese were regularly found there in the winter but there has been a sharp decline in numbers since 1974/75 probably as a result of reclamation of moorland and an increase in shooting in the area. The decline at this site matches an increase in the size of the wintering flock on Stronsay.</p><br>
<h2>Survey</h2><br>
<p>The loch was surveyed in 1903 by R.C. Marshall and later charted as part of the Sir John Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.</p><br>
<p>The Waynesville Municipal Building, also known as the Former US Post Office Building, is a historic post office building located at Waynesville, Haywood County, North Carolina. Its construction in 1917 was supervised by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore, and is a two-story, brick rectangular building in the Classical Revival style with a one-story rear extension. It measures 58 feet by 73 feet and features brick Ionic order pilasters with granite bases and capitals. The building housed Waynesville&#39;s post office until 1966 when it was purchased by the Town of Waynesville to serve as its Municipal Building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is located in the Waynesville Main Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Hochalmspitze is, at 3,360 metres above the Adriatic , the highest mountain of the Ankogel Group in the High Tauern range, located east of Mallnitz in the Austrian state of Carinthia. It is sometimes called "Tauern Queen"  as a counterpart to the "Tauern King", the Grossglockner.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The peak is situated slightly south the main ridge of the Central Eastern Alps and the Alpine divide. It actually consists of two pinnacles, the Schneeige Hochalmspitze and the higher Apere ("snowless") Hochalmspitze with the summit cross. It has glaciers on its eastern and southern sides. The neighbouring Großelendkopf peak, at 3,317 m, today counts as a separate mountain.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the High Tauern, the Hochalmspitze massif is formed of granite and gneiss, and many unusual rock formations can be found on its slopes. The mountain lies at the Eastern end of the range. In the northwest, a ridge connects it to Großer Ankogel, the third highest peak in its group, and to the Kölnbrein Dam. In the south, the Mallnitz Ridge leads to the neighbouring Reisseck Group.</p><br>
<p>From the summit, the views stretch as far as the Salzburg Alps, the Dolomites and the Julian Alps.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first official ascent was made in 1859 by the Austrian mountaineer Paul Grohmann, although letters found in 2010 bring this claim into disrepute, as the mountain may have first been climbed four years earlier. In 1913 a mountain hut (Gießener Hütte) was erected by the German and Austrian Alpine Club on the southeastern slope at a height of 2,215 m.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s plans for a glacier ski resort were developed, but finally abandoned in 1988 when the Austrian Alpine Club was able to purchase large parts of the area.</p><br>
<p>Loch of Forfar is a freshwater loch lying on the western side of the town of Forfar, Scotland. The loch trends in an east to west direction and is approximately 1 mi in length. The loch and area around it form Forfar Loch Country Park.</p><br>
<p>On the northern side of the loch there is a natural gravel projection which is named Queen Margarets Inch or Saint Margarets Inch. The projection was named after Queen Margaret, the 11th century Queen of Scots. Several historical structures have been located on the Inch including a crannog and a chapel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A crannog named Queen Margaret&#39;s Inch once stood on the loch. It was exposed when the loch was drained in 1781. Several items were then retrieved including silver earrings, bone chess pieces and bronze objects. It is thought that around 1243 a cell of monks from Coupar Angus Abbey inhabited the Inch and that The Chapel of the Holy Trinity and several houses were built.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and leisure</h2><br>
<p>The loch is a local centre for recreation and leisure activities including walking, sailing, canoeing, orienteering and fishing. The Forfar Loch Country Park Ranger Service provide a range of environmental activities and talks. The Forfar Sailing Club has its facilities on the Inch.</p><br>
<p>There are several paths and trails in and around the loch all of which are marked and fully wheelchair accessible.</p><br>
<h2>Survey</h2><br>
<p>The loch was surveyed on 26 June 1903 by Sir John Murray and later charted as part of Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.</p><br>
<p>The Garcia School is a historic school building in Wickenburg, Arizona, and is considered to be the best surviving example of a brick one-room schoolhouse remaining in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Garcia School, also known as the Little Red Schoolhouse or the Garcia Little Red Schoolhouse, was built of red brick in 1905 on land donated by a local pioneer named Don Ignacio Garcia, who is now considered to be the "father of Wickenburg education". It replaced a small wooden schoolhouse that was moved from Vulture City, Arizona, in 1895, and cost $1,600 to build.</p><br>
<p>The Garcia School was used by students until as late as the 1970s and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 1, 1982. It was badly burned in a fire in 1978, but was restored in 1984 and used as a Community Bank of Arizona building until 2003, when it was donated to the Wickenburg Cultural Organization (WCO). It is now used as a local history museum, the office for the WCO, and by the Wickenburg Chamber Orchestra for musical education.</p><br>
<p>Garcia School Wickenburg Arizona Circa 1910.JPGAn early photo of the students and the schoolhouse, 1910.</p><br>
<p>Garcia Little Red Schoolhouse.jpgThe Garcia School in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Yabba Falls is a waterfall on Yabba Creek, a tributary of the Mary River, in Queensland, Australia. The waterfall is located within a 101 hectare reserve near Lake Borumba, in the Gympie Region, near the town of Jimna in the Conondale Range. Like other waterfalls in the area, Yabba Falls is surrounded by dense bush and pine plantations.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Yabba Falls is a set of 2 large drops and various cascades along the entire length of the gorge. The total descent from Swansons Washpool (410m amsl) to Corner Pools (250m amsl) is 160m. The features are as follows from top to bottom:</p><br>
<p>&gt;Swansons Washpool- Large, wide waterhole with a large portion located on the private property of Old Yabba Station. This pastoral station was the site of a Native Police barracks during the 1850s and 1860s.</p><br>
<p>&gt;Yabba Road Crossing- Small timber road bridge crossing over Yabba Creek upstream of Swansons Washpool connecting Kingaham Road to the Murgon-Kilcoy Road via Old Yabba Station.</p><br>
<p>&gt;Annette Cascades- Shallow, rocky cascades leading to the Top Plunge, mostly located in Public Land Reserve</p><br>
<p>&gt;Top Plunge- Forty-metre plunge into the middle gorge, top accessible via faint walking track, base access requires rock climbing and/or abseiling gear</p><br>
<p>&gt; Kenny&#39;s Cataract- Very short, narrow gorge between Top Plunge and Stehbens Chute, access requires rock climbing and/or abseiling gear</p><br>
<p>&gt; Stehbens Chute- 2nd major drop descending beneath overhanging cliffs, and orientated almost at right angles to the upper section of the falls. May be accessed from downstream by way of Fishermens Spur descent from Bella Creek Road and then hiking upstream into and through Gates of Yabba gorge. This gorge is 1 km south-north section of the valley in which large boulders and large rock pools are located. Gates of Yabba is hazardous in high flow periods. The left wall of Gates of Yabba is a Scenic Reserve, whilst the eastern side is a section of Wratten National Park.</p><br>
<p>&gt; Owen Cascades- Last section of the falls bears the streams of water over a convex profile into a series of pools, Corner Pools, at the right-angled corner on the gorge that leads into Gates of Yabba section of the gorge</p><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Convent is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic convent at 9-17 Upper Clifton Terrace, Red Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton & Bates and built from 1902 to 1923. It is also known as Convent of the Annuciation and Red Hill Convent. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 March 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Convent, Red Hill, was erected in 1902-03 for the Order of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland, to a design by the architectural firm of Eaton and Bates. It occupies the site of an earlier, s private residence known as Kenilworth.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the convent is situated was surveyed and alienated in 1865, as portions 608 and 609, parish of North Brisbane. At this period Red Hill was sparsely populated, the steepness of the hills deterring settlement initially, but from the 1870s, proximity to the town centre, the availability of cheap residential allotments in the valleys, and later the provision of a tram service through the district, encouraged residential development of the area. In 1877 the first St Brigids Church was erected on the site of the present church on Musgrave Road. In 1881, Sisters of Mercy from All Hallows Convent, Fortitude Valley, established a school at St Brigids Church, travelling daily to Red Hill. The Sisters also undertook pastoral work in the Petrie Terrace-Red Hill district. On 9 June 1901, a new St Brigids School was opened and blessed at Red Hill, adjacent to the Church, reflecting the expansion of residential settlement in the Red Hill district around the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>Although portions 608 and 609, on which St Brigids Convent was erected in the early 1900s, were subdivided almost immediately after purchase from the crown in 1865, and changed tenure from 1866, it is possible that the first development of the site only took place after all six subdivisions of portion 608, with frontages to both Upper and Lower Clifton Terrace, were acquired in 1873 by Lydia Pigott, widow of Gayndah grazier Peter John Pigott. In December 1874 Mrs Pigott married Brisbane broker and merchant, William Horsley, and they appear to have been resident at Kenilworth, on Mrs Horsleys property on Clifton Terrace, by 1876. Extensive terracing on portion 608, still evident on the ground, is likely to have been developed as part of the grounds of Kenilworth. In 1889 Lydia Horsley acquired title to an adjacent block, subdivision 11 of portion 609. The Horsleys resided at Kenilworth until, and the house appears to have been rented out for several years prior to its acquisition by the Sisters of Mercy in May 1902, for the sum of £1610.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters commissioned architects Eaton and Bates of Brisbane, Rockhampton and Townsville, one of the more fashionable and prolific architectural firms of the day, to design their new convent. Sydney-trained architects George T Eaton and Albert Edmund Bates had formed a partnership in Rockhampton and developed a successful Central Queensland practice in the late 19th century, with branch offices established at Mount Morgan and Longreach by 1898, Clermont in 1900, Gladstone in 1901, Maryborough in 1902, and Townsville by 1902. Arthur B Polin of Sydney joined the partnership in Townsville, as Eaton, Bates & Polin. Early in 1902 their head office was moved to Brisbane, with branches retained at Rockhampton and Townsville. A branch also operated briefly at Toowoomba in the early 1900s. They entered and won many architectural competitions around the turn of the century, and undertook a wide variety of work, from hotels and commercial buildings to residences, hospitals and masonic halls. One of their most glamorous commissions was for the new Queens Hotel (1901–04) at Townsville, won in competition. Eaton and Bates received many commissions from the Catholic Church, including churches at Barcaldine, Gladstone and Donnybrook, convents and schools at Mount Morgan, Gladstone and Geraldton and a school at Toowong. The firm also supervised construction of St Josephs Cathedral, Rockhampton and the Church of the Sacred Heart, Townsville (1896-1902) (now the Sacred Heart Cathedral). Their style was eclectic, drawing upon both eastern and western classical traditions, with a particular emphasis on verandahs and pavilions - both as a decorative device and as a response to the warm Queensland climate.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1902, Eaton and Bates called tenders for the erection and completion of brick convent buildings at Red Hill. Possibly initially known as the Convent of the Annunciation, the building was completed and occupied in 1903, with Sister M Thecla Kelleher, Head Teacher at St Brigid&#39;s School, as the first Superior. The building cost over £3100 to construct, and it was furnished in 1903 for a little over £500. At this period the north verandah was single-storeyed, a decorative picket fence defined the frontage of the property to Upper Clifton Terrace, and the front grounds contained several mature pines trees.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1906, the Sisters acquired title to several blocks adjacent to St Brigid&#39;s Convent: subdivision 10 of portions 615 & 616 (20.6 perches ) and subdivisions 12 & 13 of por 609 (36.2 perches), parish of North Brisbane, county of Stanley, from the estate of Alexander Fraser. Subdivisions 12 and 13 extended the convent grounds along Lower Clifton Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The northern upper floor verandah may have been added in 1923, when additions to the convent costing £1140 were carried out.</p><br>
<p>At its peak, St Brigids Convent is likely to have accommodated 8 or 9 sisters, but no pupil boarders. The Sisters continued their pastoral work in the district, and in later years, several basement rooms and a small cottage in the backyard (since demolished) are understood to have been used as refuges or temporary accommodation for the homeless. Although St Brigids School closed in the mid-1980s, several Sisters remained at St Brigid&#39;s Convent until the building was vacated by the Order in late 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Convent, located on the crest of Red Hill overlooking Brisbane city, is built into a sloping site which falls steeply between upper and lower Clifton Terrace. The building possesses strong landmark value, being a prominent element on the Red Hill skyline, and visible from Musgrave Road, which is a major arterial road. It fronts Upper Clifton Terrace to the west, and from the rear verandahs on the east; there is a magnificent vista over the city.</p><br>
<p>The building is two-storeyed with a substantial sub-storey or basement at the rear, and is of brick construction, rendered externally and plastered internally. It has a galvanised iron roof with small ventilation gablets, but early cast-iron cresting and finials have been removed.</p><br>
<p>Front and rear elevations each have a gabled projection on the southern end, which punctuate surrounding verandahs on two levels. The front gabled projection has three lancet windows on the upper level and on the lower level a further projection housing the chapel sanctuary; in this wall is a niche and statue, understood to be of Mary (Our Lady of the Annunciation). The rear gabled projection has a bank of three lancet windows on both ground and first levels.</p><br>
<p>The galvanised iron verandah roofs are separate to the main roof. The west (front) and south (side)verandahs have decorative cast iron columns, balustrade and valances on both levels, incorporating ecclesiastical motifs of lancet and rose windows in the designs. The east (rear) verandahs originally had a similar decoration to both levels, but the balustrade has been removed from the upper verandah, which has been enclosed with aluminium-framed windows. The north (side) verandah, which originally was single-storeyed, has the same decorative cast-iron work on the lower verandah, but the upper verandah is enclosed with s weatherboards and timber casement windows. The basement level at the rear has a colonnade of lancet-shaped masonry arches.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance, set to one side, has surrounding leadlights and cedar panelling. It opens into a wide vestibule, separated from the hallway by a rounded arch infilled with a glass and timber screen and door. A door to the right opens from the vestibule into a small front parlour. Beyond the screen is the staircase leading to the upper floor, and a central hallway running off to the right in a north-south direction, which leads to the chapel and original dining room at the southern end of the ground floor. This hallway is broad and also gives access to another front parlour and to a former rear parlour with a fireplace. The latter room has been converted into a dining room, and the rear (south) wall of this has been opened to allow access to the enclosed rear verandah, which is now a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The chapel has leadlight lancet windows along the south wall, and a lancet-shaped timber-panelled door which opens into a small vestry at the southwest end. The chapel is separated from the original dining room by folding timber (cedar) doors, which can be opened to extend the area of the chapel. There is a fine marble fireplace-surround with early tiles in the former dining room, and an early hearth and grate.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor partitions are of load-bearing brick, plastered and painted. This plan form, materials and finishing is mirrored on the first floor, but here, in addition, some rooms have been partitioned with vertically-jointed timber to create small bedrooms or "cells", and bathrooms, especially above the chapel wing. A tall arched opening in the north side wall leads from the upstairs central hallway onto the enclosed north verandah, which is a s addition. This opening was originally a window, and evidence of this can be seen in the fabric.</p><br>
<p>A narrow timber service staircase in the northeast corner of the verandah links both the ground and first floors to the basement, which contains the original kitchen and pantries. An opening in the southern wall of the kitchen appears to be associated with the operation of an early "dumb waiter", from outside the kitchen to the verandah adjacent to the dining room above. Part of the basement colonnade at the southeast corner of the building has been enclosed as temporary accommodation, and part of the main pantry, which runs north-south for the width of the building and behind the kitchen, has been enclosed at the north end as a bathroom, which is accessed from the outside.</p><br>
<p>Joinery throughout is of cedar (some of which has been painted) and is substantial. The ground floor ceilings have pressed metal finishes, but the first floor ceilings are lined with narrow tongue and groove boards. The front parlours on the ground floor have step-out telescopic windows.</p><br>
<p>The building sits on the high ground of a large, mostly grassed terraced block, with several mature eucalypts on the lower ground near Lower Clifton Terrace, a small front garden adjacent to Upper Clifton Terrace, and some perimeter planting along the south side of the block. The Upper Clifton Terrace frontage has a late 20th century brick fence with an extruded pipe railing, and there is a small steel-framed and steel-roofed carport in the front yard, to the southwest of the convent building. Immediately behind the building are the brick and concrete foundations of a small outbuilding, demolished fairly recently. The terracing follows the steep slope of the land down the hill, at the rear of the building. One set of concrete terrace steps survives, but three other early sets of steps between the terraces have been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Convent was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 March 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Convent, erected in 1902-03, is important in illustrating the growth of Red Hill as a Brisbane dormitory suburb in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Convent is a well-executed and largely intact example of a masonry Catholic convent of the late 19th/early 20th centuries, designed to take into account the warm Queensland climate. It demonstrates the principal characteristics of a convent building, reflecting a way of life for religious women that is now uncommon. It is a fine example of the ecclesiastical work of the important Queensland architectural firm of Eaton and Bates.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant also as one of a body of substantial Catholic buildings erected on prominent hilltop locations in Brisbane in the first half of the 20th century - a policy aimed at creating an identifiably impressive public image for the work of the Catholic Church in Queensland. The place retains its substantial original grounds - including terracing associated with earlier s development of the site for residential purposes - and significant city vistas.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has social significance engendered by its aesthetic and landmark qualities, being a distinctive element of the Red Hill skyline for nearly a century, and contributing strongly to the complex "historical character" of the suburb.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant also for its special association with the work of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland, in particular their important educational and pastoral work in the Red Hill-Petrie Terrace district from the early 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Ward Islands is an island group in the Australian state of South Australia located in the Investigator Group about 53 km west by south of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. The group was discovered and named by Matthew Flinders on 13 February 1802. The island group has enjoyed protected area status since the 1960s and since 2011, it been part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ward Islands is an island group located about 53 km west by south of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, about 57 km west by south of the town of Elliston and about 8 nmi west north-west of the south west point of Flinders Island.</p><br>
<p>The group consist of two islands: Ward Island (also known as the NE islet) and South Ward Island (also known as the SE Islet).</p><br>
<p>Ward Island covers an area of 20 hectare. It rises above sea level with a coastline consisting of cliffs and scree slopes, all described as being ‘steep’, to a summit at 49 m which has a relatively flat profile and ‘which carries a crust of soil and a few diminutive sand dunes’.</p><br>
<p>South Ward Island is described as ‘a hump of rock and soil’ which reaches a height of 28 m above sea level and which is located about 2.5 km to the south-east of Ward Island.</p><br>
<p>Access to Ward Island (and presumably to South Ward Island) is reported as being ‘complicated by the swell and the rocky coast’ to the extent that in one instance, ‘no safe boat landing sites could be found’. As a result, a survey carried in 1980 used a helicopter to land survey personnel on Ward Island.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>The Ward Islands were formed about 9450 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Ward Island is the remnant of a small hill with a volcanic plug core which had solidified to granite more than 1500 Ma ago and whose summit was buried under sand that consolidated to calcarenite, and that has been extensively eroded by wave action since the commencement of sea level rise.</p><br>
<p>The Ward Islands are part of a submerged reef system which includes a number of ‘sunken rocks, and three detached reefs, on which the sea generally breaks’ and which extends from Ward Island to the west of for about 4 km and to the south for about 3 km. A depth of 50 m is reached within 1.2 km of the west of Ward Island.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Terrestrial flora on the island group was found in 1980 to be represented by 12 species present as a ‘low, salt and wind-pruned heath’ and dominated by the following three species. Marsh saltbush is common on Ward Island in ‘deepest patches of the sandy loam soil’ followed by Nitre bush which favours ‘limey calcareous soils’ and pointed twinleaf which favours ‘the orange, decomposed sandstone soils’. South Ward Island is vegetated with marsh saltbush as are a number of large rocks which are permanently exposed above low water.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals observed on the island group include Australian sea lions and New Zealand fur seals and the following bird species: short tailed shearwater, white faced storm petrel, osprey, white-bellied sea-eagle, Richard’s pipit, sooty oystercatcher, silver gull, Pacific gull and rock parrot.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery and use</h3><br>
<p>Flinders discovered the island group on Saturday, 13 February 1802, and reportedly named it after his mother’s maiden name. On the same day, Flinders also nominated it as one of the constituent parts of the Investigator Group.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>The Ward Islands first received protected area status as part of a fauna reserve declared under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964 either on 1 September 1966 or 16 March 1967. The island group and other adjoining islands became part of the Investigator Group Conservation Park proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1972. On 25 August 2011, it was one of the island groups excised from the Investigator Group Conservation Park and added to the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area. Since 2012, the waters adjoining the Ward Islands have been part of a habitat protection zone in the Investigator Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>The Little Red Schoolhouse is a former school building located in Scottsdale, Arizona. It was originally known as the Scottsdale Grammar School and is now home to the Scottsdale Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Little Red Schoolhouse was built in 1909 to replace an earlier one-room frame schoolhouse that was built in 1896. The new schoolhouse is a two-classroom structure built of red brick at a cost of $4,500. In addition to the two large classrooms, there is an entrance hall, two small rooms for storage, and a full-sized basement that was used as a church and a community center in the early years. The schoolhouse was later used as the Scottsdale City Hall and Justice Court, the Scottsdale Public Library and then the Scottsdale Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>The Scottsdale Historical Society was established in 1969 to save the Little Red Schoolhouse from being demolished for the development of the Scottsdale Mall. Over the next several years, the school was restored to its original condition and now includes a classroom exhibit meant to appear as it did in 1910. In November 1991, the Scottsdale Historical Society opened the building to the public as a local history museum and in 1994 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>First Schoolhouse 1896.jpgThe original frame schoolhouse built in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Little Red Schoolhouse Scottsdale Arizona Circa 1910.jpgStudents and teachers in front of the Little Red Schoolhouse, 1910.</p><br>
<p>Petrie Terrace Police Depot is a heritage-listed former police barracks at 25-61 Petrie Terrace, Petrie Terrace, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1850s to 1960s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.</p><br>
<p>The site was vacated by the police in the mid-1980s and sold in 1987. The police barracks remained unused for two decades, while the two other surviving buildings saw alternate uses for some years.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot occupies the southwest edge of a ridge formerly known as Green Hills, which overlooks the former Roma Street railway yards and the Brisbane central business district. The place has been associated with penal and police activity in Queensland since the 1850s. The site was occupied by the second purpose-built Brisbane Gaol from November 1860 until July 1883, and functioned as a police barracks from 1885 until the mid-1980s. Within the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot, the former Police Barracks, opened in September 1939, is a highly visible and prominent landmark in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The site was early associated with a penal facility. When Moreton Bay was opened to free settlement in February 1842, the only prison accommodation available was at one end of the former military barracks in Queen Street – the remainder of the building was occupied by storekeepers. In the second half of 1847 the former female factory in Queen Street, which had served as an immigration barracks for some years, was refurbished as a gaol. This was a temporary measure until Brisbane&#39;s first purpose-built gaol was erected in 1848–49. However, within a few years the construction of a larger gaol complex was considered necessary.</p><br>
<p>By 1856, a gaol reserve had been proposed in the vicinity of what is now Petrie Terrace – the area known in the 1850s as Green Hills. The site was considered remote, well-drained, healthy and extendable. In 1857 the New South Wales Colonial Architect provided plans for a gaol to accommodate nearly 100 prisoners at Green Hills. The contract was let in mid-1858 to Andrew and John Petrie of Brisbane – their name being commemorated in Petrie Terrace – who submitted a tender of £25,000. Construction commenced in October 1858, and was completed by September 1860, when the complex was proclaimed as the Brisbane Gaol. The buildings were masonry, and included 2 two-storeyed cell blocks; 2 two-storeyed guard houses containing offices, warders&#39; room and store rooms, flanking the main entrance to the gaol (which faced southeast, overlooking the Town of Brisbane); kitchen block; washhouses; and lavatory blocks. The gaol reserve was enclosed by a wooden fence, which was replaced in 1862 by a 20 feet high stone wall, constructed by contractor Joshua Jeays of Brisbane. Stone for the gaol wall was obtained from the Woogaroo Quarry.</p><br>
<p>Almost from its inception, the Brisbane Gaol on Petrie Terrace was overcrowded. By 1865, overflow prisoners were being accommodated on the hulk Proserpine, anchored at the mouth of the Brisbane River, and in 1867 the decision was taken to convert the quarantine buildings then under construction on St Helena Island, in Moreton Bay, into gaol buildings. St Helena was gazetted as a prison in the same year, and operated in tandem with the Brisbane Gaol on Petrie Terrace. In 1870 the female prisoners at Petrie Terrace were relocated to the Toowoomba Gaol. These measures afforded only temporary solutions to the overcrowding at the Brisbane Gaol, and in the late 1870s plans for the new Boggo Road Gaol in South Brisbane were prepared. This complex was constructed in the early 1880s and completed in 1883, with the gaol on Petrie Terrace closing on 2 July 1883.</p><br>
<p>The colonial government initially intended that the Queensland Defence Force, which was reorganised and expanded in the mid-1880s following the "Russian scare" of 1883, should occupy the former Petrie Terrace gaol reserve, along with the adjacent former military barracks, which had been established in 1864 to accommodate a small contingent of Imperial troops, but which had been occupied since 1874 by the Queensland Police Force.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1885 the gaol reserve on Petrie Terrace was divided between the newly established permanent Queensland Defence Force and the Queensland Police Force. The QDF occupied the 1864 military reserve and the northern end of the gaol reserve, the whole of which was renamed Victoria Barracks by mid-1885. The Queensland Police Force occupied the remainder of the gaol reserve on Petrie Terrace, as a police depot and training centre. At this time the former guard houses and a block which contained the chapel, kitchen and workshop, were renovated as quarters and offices for the police, but the former cell blocks were demolished. The police occupied the former gaol reserve for a century, from 1885 until the mid-1980s, although the site was not officially gazetted as a reserve for police purposes until 1901.</p><br>
<p>The re-use of the gaol reserve for police and military purposes necessitated the demolition of the surrounding stone wall, most of which was removed in 1885, although the arched stone entrance gate on the southeastern perimeter remained until the mid-20th century. The stone was recycled and used on various government projects in Brisbane, including the foundations supporting the iron palisade separating Queen&#39;s Park (now part of the City Botanic Gardens) in Alice Street. It is understood that the stone base to the surviving fence along Petrie Terrace at the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot, and the stone retaining wall between the Defence and Police Reserves, are constructed from fabric from the 1862 wall.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, as the Queensland economy boomed and new districts were opened to settlement, the number of men recruited into the Queensland police force increased significantly. Recruits received a brief period of training at the Petrie Terrace Police Depot, where facilities were strained. Along with recruits, the depot accommodated probationary officers and unmarried officers serving in the Brisbane area. In 1889, the police barracks at Petrie Terrace was described as a very bad barracks, damp in wet weather, without a washhouse or proper earth closets, and overcrowded. Despite the poor conditions, prior to 1901 only minor alterations and additions were made to the depot buildings.</p><br>
<p>In the period 1895 to 1925 the Queensland population almost doubled. The Queensland Police Force, while not quite matching this growth rate, increased by one third, especially after 1910, when pay and conditions for police officers improved. In the first two decades of the 20th century a number of new structures were erected at the Petrie Terrace Police Depot to accommodate the increase. These included:</p><br>
<p>a washhouse near the southern boundary of the reserve (timber, 1901, since demolished)</p><br>
<p>a residence for the Police Drill Instructor at the southwest corner of the reserve near the junction of Roma Street and Petrie Terrace (timber, 1907, demolished)</p><br>
<p>a dormitory block at the northeastern end of the reserve, near the Victoria Barracks boundary (2-storeyed, timber, 1907, demolished)</p><br>
<p>a stables building in the northern corner of the reserve, abutting Petrie Terrace and the boundary with Victoria Barracks (brick, 1912, extant)</p><br>
<p>extensive additions to No.2 dormitory block (the former gaol kitchen and chapel building) at the southern end of the reserve (1914–15, since demolished)</p><br>
<p>The 1912 brick stables building contained stables for 40 horses, harness room and feed room. The building was E-shaped with external dimensions of 40m by 26m. As motor vehicles gradually replaced horses in police work, alterations to the stables building were undertaken in 1927 to provide some garage accommodation, and in 1936 a substantial brick garage and workshop was erected between the 1912 brick stables building and the 1907 timber dormitory block. At this period the 1912 stables still contained 15 loose boxes and 16 stalls.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1930s, following decades of police complaint that the buildings at Petrie Terrace were totally unsuitable for police purposes, the Queensland Government finally resolved to address police accommodation at both the Petrie Terrace Police Depot and the Roma Street Police Station and Barracks – the latter erected in 1879, and by 1899 considered inadequate. Early in 1938, work commenced on construction of a new three-storeyed, brick and concrete police barracks at the Petrie Terrace Police Depot, on land formerly utilised as a parade and drill ground. It was intended to accommodate recruits, probationers and single officers stationed at Petrie Terrace, Roma Street, and the Traffic and Criminal Investigation branches in Brisbane. At this period, single officers still were obliged to reside in barracks. When the new barracks were completed in 1939, however, it was occupied only by probationers and single officers – recruits were accommodated in the 1907 timber barracks.</p><br>
<p>The design for the new barracks was developed after extensive consultation with officers of the Queensland Police Force, with consideration given to providing commodious quarters for unmarried men, and taking advantage of the prominent ridge site to establish a distinctive and forceful presence as a sentinel building overlooking the centre of Brisbane and to the major arterial road of Petrie Terrace. The ground floor comprised offices, store, armoury, guard room, lecture theatre with folding partitions, kitchen and mess. The second and third floors contained bedrooms, bathrooms, drying rooms, and recreation rooms, and accommodated 100 unmarried officers. The first floor contained 18 two-men bedrooms and 4 three-men bedrooms and the second floor accommodated 18 two-men bedrooms and 8 three-men rooms. Every effort was made to provide maximum privacy for the occupants, and to admit as much light and air as possible. The warm Brisbane climate was accommodated with verandahs and balconies on each floor. The building was constructed largely of fireproof materials (brick and cement and fibrous-cement roofing tiles), and enclosed escape stairs were provided at each end of the building.</p><br>
<p>When the barracks was officially opened on Friday 29 September 1939 by the Minister for Health and Home Affairs Ned Hanlon, it was considered one of the best investments that the Government had made; it would enhance the reputation of the force and give dividends daily in efficient service. The Architectural and Building Journal of Queensland considered that the new barracks represented the new idea in the construction of public buildings, that they were not "institutional" in their appearance, and that they were impressive in their architectural line and mass of brickwork, and the tiled roof makes the building a prominent landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Police Commissioner, in his report for the year ended 30 June 1939, stated of the new depot barracks: "It is at this centre that a member of the Police force receives his early training prior to his admission as a constable, as well as his accommodation in the early years of his official life. Environment has a great influence on the future career of any person, and it is felt that the change in accommodation as well as the increased facilities for training will benefit both the public and the administration."</p><br>
<p>Design responsibility for the new Petrie Terrace Police Barracks was assigned to Raymond Clare Nowland, an architect in the Department of Public Works. Nowland had joined the architectural office of the Department of Public Works in November 1932, and was appointed a senior architect in this office in 1938. He produced the most significant buildings of his career between 1932 and 1942, including the Petrie Terrace Police Barracks (1939); University of Queensland Mayne Medical School (1939); Brisbane Dental Hospital and College (1941); Cairns Government Offices (1935); Rockhampton Police Court (1935); Fortitude Valley Police Station (1935); and Toowoomba Police Station (1935).</p><br>
<p>Construction of the barracks was the first stage of a planned remodelling of the whole of the Petrie Terrace Police Depot and grounds. The scheme provided for a square to the east and southeast of the barracks to incorporate formal gardens, tennis court, residences for senior officers and garaging for cars. In the early 1940s the former Brisbane Gaol buildings on the site, which the police had occupied since 1885, were demolished, the ground filled in and levelled, and a parade ground formed. New garaging was erected at the northeastern end of the site in the early 1950s, but not on the site of the former gaol buildings demolished. It appears that no further structures were erected on this part of the site.</p><br>
<p>The new Petrie Terrace Police Barracks was constructed during an intensive public works building programme undertaken by the Forgan-Smith Labor Government in Queensland during the 1930s, to counter the effects of the economic depression. It was also the first stage of an ambitious building scheme proposed for the Queensland Police Force, which included the demolition of the Roma Street Police Station and Barracks and the transformation of the site into a public square as an extension of King George Square; and new police watchhouse, courthouse and centralised police headquarters buildings in William Street adjoining and incorporating the Public Library (the Library was to be relocated to a proposed new Public Library in Turbot Street). While the Petrie Terrace Police Barracks was erected in 1938–39, the advent of the Second World War diverted resources, and the remainder of the scheme did not come to fruition.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, just prior to the outbreak of war in the Pacific, a brick building to house the Police Wireless Transmission Station VKR was erected in the southwest corner of the police reserve, on the site of the 1907 Drill Instructor&#39;s Residence, which was removed. In conjunction with the wireless station, an aerial was erected at the top of the southern end of the 1938–39 police barracks. Two-way radio communication with wireless patrol vehicles had been established, and the station was linked to the interstate wireless police telegraphy service. Mechanised transportation and radio communication revolutionised Queensland police practices.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, military police attached to the Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, United States Army, United States Shore Patrol, and the Royal Navy, also utilised the police wireless transmission station at Petrie Terrace. The Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy continued to operate wireless patrol vehicles from this station for some years after the cessation of hostilities in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The war created other impacts on the Petrie Terrace Police Depot. In March 1942 an observation post was established at the depot, manned by members of the Volunteer Air Observers&#39; Corps, who occupied the billiards room on the ground floor of the police barracks. A Royal Australian Air Force hut was erected in the depot grounds to house the office staff attached to this corps. This structure was taken over by the Police in 1946–47, principally to house records and stores, but has been removed since. Also in 1941–42, the surviving stalls in the 1912 stables were removed and the place was converted into a garage.</p><br>
<p>In the immediate post-war years, Queensland Police acquired wireless equipment from the Civil Defence Organisation, which was installed in a number of suburban police stations to receive broadcasts from station VKR. Improvements to the two-way transmission system in 1946–47 increased the coverage to a 60 miles radius of Police Wireless Station VKR. In the late 1940s a 70-foot aerial pole was erected in the Petrie Terrace Police Depot grounds to support transmitting aerials for the interstate police wireless service, which became increasingly important as a police tool.</p><br>
<p>By 1945, the Police were experiencing difficulty in accommodating cadets (recruits), probationers and single officers at the Petrie Terrace Depot. Both cadets and probationers were quartered in the 1907 barracks, and in 1949–50 this building was refurbished and a separate laundry building was erected for the use of cadets and probationers.</p><br>
<p>A number of alterations were made to the Petrie Terrace Depot in the 1950s, reflecting the advent of new technologies and changes in policing practices.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 Brisbane&#39;s Central Communications Room at the Criminal Investigations Branch came into operation, taking over the handling of police radio communications from the control room at station VKR, Petrie Terrace. The new facility, which was intended as the "nerve-centre" of police communications in Queensland, was linked to the technical services of station VKR by land lines, and staffed by junior wireless operators. Senior staff supervised all transmissions and reception at the VKR control rooms, and operated the interstate radio telegraphy services.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 two tennis courts near the 1907 timber barracks were demolished to make way for a large garage which housed 30 vehicles.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 the bedrooms on the second and third floors of the 1938–39 police barracks were converted into new office accommodation for the Commissioner of Police and Licensing and Special branches. Cadets and single probationers were still housed in the 1907 timber barracks, but single officers were no longer accommodated at the Depot. Also in 1956 the engine room at the rear of the wireless transmission station was enlarged to house a larger emergency power plant for the station. From 1956 a number of structures at the southern end of the site were demolished to create a large open space which was developed as a parade ground.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1960s the Police Commissioner&#39;s and several other offices accommodated at Petrie Terrace moved into the newly opened Police Headquarters Building at North Quay. At Petrie Terrace, the 1938–39 building was re-converted into barracks, necessitating only minor alterations, and the 1907 barracks was removed. By 1964 the 1938–39 building contained accommodation for probationers and cadets on the first and second floors, and offices (including Inspector and Sub-Inspector of Police), class rooms and mess on the ground floor. Also by 1964, the transmission and reception of police messages had been transferred from Petrie Terrace to the North Quay building, and the Petrie Terrace wireless transmission station was being used principally for the housing of equipment and for workshop repair rooms.</p><br>
<p>Use of the Petrie Terrace Police Depot as a training facility ceased in 1973 when this function was removed to the Oxley Police Academy, but the Depot continued to serve other police purposes until the mid-1980s. In 1987 the Queensland Government sold the former police reserve and buildings to private enterprise, and approval for re-zoning was gazetted in September 1990. A number of structures have been removed from the site, including the 1953 garage building and several structures at the northeastern end of the site; the former Police Stables functioned as the Underground Nightclub through the 1990s; and the former Police Wireless Transmission Station was converted into a restaurant. The former Police Barracks remained vacant until the late 2000s and suffered a high level of vandalism. The open area to the east and southeast of the former Police Barracks, which contains significant sub-surface material associated with the former Brisbane Gaol (1860–1883), became a carpark.</p><br>
<p>In 2007–08, the entire Police Depot precinct, including the three surviving structures in the barracks, stables and wireless transmission station, was renovated and redeveloped as a retail and commercial precinct named "The Barracks". The redevelopment won UDIA Awards for Urban Renewal and best large Retail/Commercial development The site now contains a Coles supermarket, a range of eateries, bars, restaurants and shops, and the Palace Cinemas at The Barracks.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Petrie Terrace Police Depot occupies the southwest edge of a ridge which overlooks the former Roma Street railway yards and the Brisbane central business district. It is bounded on the southeast by the Brisbane-Ipswich railway, on the southwest by Upper Roma Street, on the northwest by Petrie Terrace, and on the northeast by Victoria Barracks military reserve. It contains a number of significant elements, including:</p><br>
<h3>The former Petrie Terrace Police Barracks</h3><br>
<p>The former police barracks is highly visible from a number of vantage points around the Brisbane CBD, the former Petrie Terrace Police Barracks is a prominent landmark on a ridge overlooking the Roma Street Railway Yards and provides an impressive presence to Petrie Terrace. The place is important for views to and from the site including to/from Upper Roma Street, William Jolly Bridge and the Brisbane River, the riverside expressway, the Brisbane CBD, inner western suburbs such as from Cairns Terrace, Red Hill and from Petrie Terrace, Milton Road, Caxton Street and Victoria Barracks.</p><br>
<p>Opened in 1939, the former Petrie Terrace Police Barracks is a three-storey brick and concrete building in red face brick with contrasting horizontal banding in rendered concrete. The roof is sheeted with corrugated fibro cement tiles. The main elevation to the southeast is a single range, symmetrical about a narrow, faceted projecting parapeted central entrance. The modest entrance to the ground floor is approached by a set of concrete stairs to a covered entry porch opening into the main entrance lobby ahead. The central block is flanked to each side by verandahs to each floor. The elevation to Petrie Terrace is symmetrical about a hip-roofed projecting and faceted central bay flanked by verandahed wings which terminate in prominent hip-roofed blank end pavilions. The blank ends contain recessed rectangular panels to each floor level giving shadow and texture to the exterior walls. The faceting of the central bay forms a full length oriel-like window-bay suggestive of defensiveness. A prominent roof ventilator is located to the centre of the main roof. The second floor verandahs to both elevations are punctuated by pairs of Doric columns with battened timber balustrading with decorative criss-cross central panels. The verandahs to the ground and first floors have similar balustrading punctuated by solid brick piers. The projecting eaves around the building are timber-lined. Other detailing includes decorative terracotta tile panels to the projecting parapet fronts to each elevation and vertical bands of incised arrows to the concrete door surrounds to the north, south and east entrances.</p><br>
<p>The southwest and northeast elevations are symmetrical about faceted parapeted blocks flanked by two bays of timber sash windows with the verandah ends and the fire escape stair block to the corners.</p><br>
<p>The central projecting parapets to each elevation contain panels of terracotta tiles with a stylised diamond pattern to each tile. The moulded concrete door surrounds to the north, south and east entrances have vertical bands of an arrow pattern to the upper corners.</p><br>
<p>The building is planned about a central staircase opening off the main entrance hall. The entrance and stair treads are finished in different shades of terrazzo. The stair has a moulded timber handrail, decorative timber newels and decorative wrought iron balustrading. The openings to the main stairwell on each level have large decorative consoles. The walls and partitions are of brick; the verandah floors, corridors and staircases are of concrete; and the roof is sheeted with corrugated fibro cement tiles. Internal walls are rendered and painted. Ceilings to corridors and ground and first floor verandahs are concrete. Ceilings to internal spaces on each floor, stairwells and the second floor verandahs are lined with fibro cement sheeting with timber cover strips. On the ground floor, offices and storage open off a central corridor to the northeast, former mess and kitchen area open off a small corridor to the south west and toilet blocks are positioned at each end of the building. The lecture theatre is accommodated in the projecting wing to the northwest opening off the verandah. This room retains the original timber folding doors. The first and second floors are organised about a central corridor off the central staircase. Bedrooms open off the central corridor and have doors with tilting glass fanlights opening to the verandahs. Toilets, bathrooms and drying rooms are located at each end of the building on both floors. On the first floor the projecting northwest wing accommodates the recreation room and on the second floor additional bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>The building was not secured and was subject to continual vandalism and many of the windows and doors were damaged or removed as have a large percentage of the ceiling linings. The internal spatial relations remain substantially intact including the configuration of the bedrooms, lecture theatre, recreation room, bathrooms and drying rooms, kitchen and office spaces. The plain concrete escape stairs and main terrazzo stair remain intact. The verandah posts and balustrading are substantially intact.</p><br>
<h3>The former stables</h3><br>
<p>The former stables at the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot are located on the north-western site boundary line opposite Caxton Street. The building is constructed of single storey brick masonry with a hipped corrugated red Colorbond roof with ventilated ridges.</p><br>
<p>The building, which was partly converted into garage accommodation in the late 1920s and fully in 1941–42, has been more recently refurbished as a night club. The floor now has several different level changes and the original floor finish is not evident. The render to the interior walls has been largely removed and there have been several partition walls, bar areas, stage areas and toilet facilities constructed within the building. The south western wing of the former E-shaped building was demolished prior to the night club refurbishment with the exception of a section of the projecting eastern wall which survives and contains an early timber framed and clad pair of doors. The voids which housed horse then car washing areas between the wings of the E shaped building have been enclosed together with the area to the south east between the stables building and the former police garage and workshop constructed in 1936.</p><br>
<p>At the north western corner of the building a basement level has been more recently added through the underpinning of the original walls and the addition of a new end wall and contains several different floor levels.</p><br>
<p>Early fabric that survives include the majority of the perimeter walls which are constructed of English bonded brickwork. These walls have arrised corners to openings and engaged piers in the form of bull nosed brickwork to prevent injury. Several of the original openings in external walls are apparent including the bricked in windows to the Petrie Terrace elevation which correspond and provide evidence of the location of the stalls and loose boxes that were positioned along that elevation. Other elements include the roof structure of substantial timber trusses and large timber framed louvred ventilators to each of the ridges. The timber posts supporting the trusses to the central wing demonstrate where the former stalls and timber partition walls were located.</p><br>
<h3>The former garage and workshop</h3><br>
<p>The former garage and workshop constructed adjacent to the Stables building in 1936 is a single storey brick masonry structure with a corrugated red Colorbond gambrel roof with timber lined eaves. It has also been refurbished as part of the nightclub. The floor and ceiling has been relined, the internal render largely removed and window openings in the north western wall have been converted to door openings. The openings in the other perimeter walls survive intact. Remnant masonry internal partition walls to the former office area survive. The building has an infill of bar and food preparation areas, cold rooms and stores.</p><br>
<h3>The former police wireless transmission station (VKR)</h3><br>
<p>The former police wireless transmission station is a brick masonry building with metal roof constructed adjacent to the Petrie Terrace boundary near the intersection of Milton Road. It currently houses the Hog&#39;s Breath Cafe and has a large addition of recent construction along its north-eastern side. The interior and much of the exterior have been highly modified. This building is not included within the heritage listing boundary for the entry in the Queensland Heritage Register for the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot.</p><br>
<h3>Other site elements</h3><br>
<p>A wrought iron fence on a stone base runs along the boundary to Petrie Terrace. A gate post remains to the former vehicle entrance to the Barracks from Petrie Terrace with evidence of gate hinges. There is a retaining wall of roughly dressed sandstone, laid in courses, along the boundary between the former police and military reserves, at the northeast end of the site. The former square to the southeast now contains a bitumened open carpark.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Petrie Terrace Police Depot was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Petrie Terrace Police Depot is important historically for its long association with penal and police activity in Brisbane, and is an important component of a precinct of penal, military, and police buildings established from 1860.</p><br>
<p>Within the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot there are elements with specific cultural heritage significance. These include:</p><br>
<p>sub-surface remnants of the former Brisbane Gaol (1860–1883), which have strong historical, social and archaeological significance</p><br>
<p>the stone retaining wall between the police and military reserves, which has aesthetic value engendered by the rustic material, and is important historically as remnant stone from the wall of the former Brisbane Gaol on this site.</p><br>
<p>the wrought iron and stone fence to the Petrie Terrace street frontage, which is important as remains of the stone walling of the second Brisbane Gaol perimeter, and for its aesthetic contribution to the Petrie Terrace streetscape</p><br>
<p>the 1912 police stables which, despite late 20th century modification, is still illustrative of its type, has a strong aesthetic appeal engendered by the materials, forms and the interior spaces, and remains important surviving evidence of the nature of police work in Queensland prior to the introduction of mechanised transportation</p><br>
<p>the 1936 police garage and workshop, which, despite late 20th century modification, is still illustrative of its type, and remains important in illustrating early adaptations to mechanised transportation in the interwar years of the 20th century, along with the impact of mechanised transportation on the nature of policing in Queensland at this period.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The 1938–39 police barracks is a rare example of urban residential accommodation provided for unmarried police officers in the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the site of the second Brisbane Gaol, the place has the potential to yield information from archaeological deposits that would contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history, particularly aspects of the history of punishment and prisons in colonial Queensland. The now open area to the east and southeast is important as the site of many of the Gaol structures and yards. This area is also important as the grounds associated with the former Police Barracks, accommodating residences for senior officers, garaging, parade areas and tennis courts. The sub-surface remnants of the former Brisbane Gaol (1860–1883), which have strong historical, social and archaeological significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Police Stables, former Police Garage and Workshop, former Police Barracks, former Police Wireless Transmission Station VKR, the perimeter stone and wrought iron wall along the Petrie Terrace frontage to the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot, and the stone retaining wall between the military and police reserves at the northern end of the site, form a cohesive group of buildings and structures, which together contribute to our understanding of the nature of police training and administration in Queensland in the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Within the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot there are elements with specific cultural heritage significance. These include:</p><br>
<p>the 1912 police stables which, despite late 20th century modification, is still illustrative of its type, has a strong aesthetic appeal engendered by the materials, forms and the interior spaces, and remains important surviving evidence of the nature of police work in Queensland prior to the introduction of mechanised transportation</p><br>
<p>the 1936 police garage and workshop, which, despite late 20th century modification, is still illustrative of its type, and remains important in illustrating early adaptations to mechanised transportation in the interwar years of the 20th century, along with the impact of mechanised transportation on the nature of policing in Queensland at this period</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Police Stables, former Police Garage and Workshop, former Police Barracks, former Police Wireless Transmission Station VKR, the perimeter stone and wrought iron wall along the Petrie Terrace frontage to the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot, and the stone retaining wall between the military and police reserves at the northern end of the site, form a cohesive group of buildings and structures, which together contribute to our understanding of the nature of police training and administration in Queensland in the first half of the 20th century. They have aesthetic value, and make an important contribution to the streetscape of Petrie Terrace.</p><br>
<p>Within the former Petrie Terrace Police Depot there are elements with specific cultural heritage significance. These include:</p><br>
<p>the stone retaining wall between the police and military reserves, which has aesthetic value engendered by the rustic material, and is important historically as remnant stone from the wall of the former Brisbane Gaol on this site</p><br>
<p>the wrought iron and stone fence to the Petrie Terrace street frontage, which is important as remains of the stone walling of the second Brisbane Gaol perimeter, and for its aesthetic contribution to the Petrie Terrace streetscape</p><br>
<p>the 1912 police stables which, despite late 20th century modification, is still illustrative of its type, has a strong aesthetic appeal engendered by the materials, forms and the interior spaces, and remains important surviving evidence of the nature of police work in Queensland prior to the introduction of mechanised transportation</p><br>
<p>The 1938–39 police barracks place has aesthetic value. The patterning of the facades in bands of red facebrick and imitation stone render give the building a lively, defensive quality in a style reminiscent of the Arts and Crafts movement. The detailing includes decorative terracotta tile panels to the projecting parapet fronts to each elevation and vertical bands of incised arrows to the concrete door surrounds to the north, south and east entrances.</p><br>
<p>Highly visible from a number of vantage points around Brisbane City, the 1938–39 police barracks is a prominent landmark on a ridge overlooking the Brisbane central business district and former Roma Street Railway Yards, and is an impressive presence in Petrie Terrace. The place is important for views to and from the site including to/from Upper Roma Street, William Jolly Bridge and the Brisbane River, the Riverside Expressway, the Brisbane CBD, the inner western suburbs (such as from Cairns Terrace, Red Hill), and from Petrie Terrace, Milton Road, Caxton Street and Victoria Barracks.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The sub-surface remnants of the former Brisbane Gaol (1860–1883) have strong historical, social and archaeological significance</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Petrie Terrace Police Depot is important for its association with the Queensland Police Force, demonstrating the evolution of work practices and the changing nature of the lifestyle associated with police force employment in a major urban centre.</p><br>
<p>The 1938–39 police barracks is important as the only building to be realised from an ambitious building program of prestigious police buildings proposed for Brisbane City under the extensive public works building programme of the Forgan-Smith government of the 1930s. The 1938–39 police barracks is important also for its association with the work of the Department of Public Works, and in particular for its association with the work of architect Raymond Clare Nowland. It is one of the most notable buildings designed by Nowland, an architect of considerable talent working in the Department of Public Works during the period of extensive public works building in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>La Bocayna or La Bocaina  is the name given to the sea strait that separates Lanzarote from Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands.The small island of Lobos is situated on the southern side of the strait, close to Fuerteventura.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the strait was known as a safe anchorage with a sandy bottom, which shelved gradually towards Lanzarote with depths of up to five fathoms. The shore around Lobos was less hospitable, being ‘foul and rocky’. A steady trade wind could be found in the strait, although it was blocked by the hills of Lanzarote, becalming ships that were in their lee, tacking towards Lobos was needed to regain the wind.</p><br>
<p>Large breakers were observed by one ship’s captain, produced by a heavy westerly swell. Waves up to 60 ft high were seen breaking on the northern point of Lobos, the sound of the waves could be heard up to six or seven leagues away.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouses</h2><br>
<p>The strait is marked by a number of lighthouses including Punta Martiño on Lobos, Pechiguera at the south western end of Lanzarote, and Tostón on the north western side of Fuerteventura.</p><br>
<h2>Ferry</h2><br>
<p>A high speed ferry service runs across the strait, using the aptly named catamaran, Bocayna Express, the crossing time is 20 minutes. The Fred. Olsen Express line has operated the service since 2003 between Playa Blanca in Lanzarote and Corralejo in Fuerteventura.</p><br>
<h2>Open water swimming</h2><br>
<p>The Travesia La Bocaina is an annual open water swimming endurance event that crosses the strait. Depending on the speed of the swimmers it can take between five and eight hours to complete the swim from Playa Blanca to Corralejo, over a distance of 15km.</p><br>
<p>The Old Cochrane Road Bridge is a historic bridge in rural Deuel County, South Dakota. It is a small single-span stone arch bridge, located on an old alignment of the road that circles Lake Cochrane. The bridge spans a stream that enters the lake near its southwestern corner, and is now located on a private lakefront property with a cabin. The bridge is fashioned from a variety of unworked fieldstone, and rises about 4 ft above grade, with a span of about 6 ft. The bridge&#39;s date of construction is unknown, but is surmised to have been in the first decade of the 20th century. It is the only known stone arch bridge to predate the 1930s in the state.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It was reported to be in deteriorated condition at that time.</p><br>
<p>Oakdale Cemetery is a historic city cemetery and national historic district located at Hendersonville, Henderson County, North Carolina. It was established in 1885, and has approximately 5,400 burials. The property includes the original 1885 white section and 1885 African American section, along with a number of additions made into the 1950s. It includes a section for Agudas Israel Synagogue - Hendersonvilles sole Jewish congregation. Historic contributing resources include the cemetery, a frame, octagonal pavilion dating from the turn of the 20th century; a 20th-century, rectangular brick mausoleum with a flat roof and terra cotta coping; a large Neoclassical concrete mausoleum, built in 1951; and a 1950s maintenance building. It includes the Italian marble angel statue which served as the inspiration for Thomas Wolfes first novel, Look Homeward, Angel .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Bloomfield Academy is a historic former school building on Main Street in Skowhegan, Maine. Built in 1840 by a local master builder, it is a fine Greek Revival structure, and a reminder of the area&#39;s early educational history. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bloomfield Academy is a two story brick structure with a gable roof, granite trim, and a granite foundation. It is topped by a two-stage tower, whose first stage is a plain clapboarded square with a simple cornice, and whose second stage has arched louvered openings flanked by pilasters, with an entablature and cornice above. The main (east-facing) facade is three bays wide, with brick piers dividing them. There is a double-door entry in the center, sheltered by an extended hip-roofed hood. The flanking bays have sash windows at both levels, while the second level above the entry as a double sash window. The gable end above is clad in clapboards, and has a semi-oval window in its center.</p><br>
<p>The school that became Bloomfield Academy was chartered in 1807 as Canaan Academy, a private school. It was renamed in 1819 when the town it was in was renamed, but it retained that name when Bloomfield was annexed to Skowhegan in 1861. The school&#39;s first building was a wood frame structure, which this building replaced in 1840. The builder was Asa Dyer, a noted local brickmaker and master builder. The school was eventually merged into the Skowhegan public schools, and its building is now owned by the town of Skowhegan.</p><br>
<p>Camp Arrowhead, also known as Camp Glen Arden after 1972, is a historic summer camp and national historic district located near Tuxedo, Henderson County, North Carolina. It was established in 1919 by the Green River Manufacturing Company as a recreational facility, and became a boy&#39;s summer camp in 1937. The district encompasses 18 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 5 contributing structures. Notable Rustic Revival style contributing buildings include the Recreation Hall/Gymnasium ; the group of log cabins dating from the original use of the camp by the Green River Manufacturing Company ; Ramshackle Cabin ; the Dining Hall/Kitchen ; Mansion Cabin ; and the Horse Barn .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Topgallant Islands is an island group in the Australian state of South Australia located in the Investigator Group about 22 km south west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. The group was discovered and named by Matthew Flinders on 13 February 1802. The island group has enjoyed protected area status since the 1960s and since 2011, it has been part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Topgallant Islands is an island group located about 22 m south west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, about 27 km west by south of the town of Elliston and about 3.5 nmi east of Flinders Island.</p><br>
<p>The group consists of an islet and a number of bare rocks which are numbered at seven in one source and which extend from the islet in a line for a distance of about 1 nmi to the south east. The islet which has an area of about 20 hectare, is encircled by 75 m high cliffs and has a rounded top whose summit is at 101 m above sea level. The southernmost rock is reported as being a ‘sharp pyramid’ of 55 m height.</p><br>
<p>The name used for the island group varies from the name given by Flinders (i.e. Topgallant Isles) as follows: Topgallant Islands, Top-gallant Islands, Top-Gallant Isles and Top Gallant Isles.</p><br>
<p>Access to Topgallant Island by boat is reported as not being possible due to a ‘combination of deep water swells, steep shores and sheer walls of rotten stone’. A survey carried in 1980 used a helicopter to land personnel on the islet.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>The Topgallant Islands were formed about 8750 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the constituent parts of the Topgallant Islands are the remnants of a stack of calcarenite strata sitting on a now-submerged ridge of granite which is now submerged and which has been extensively eroded by wave action since the commencement of sea level rise.</p><br>
<p>The Topgallant Islands are part of a submerged reef system orientated along a north north-west axis which extends from the islet in the west to the east of the southernmost rock for a distance of about 1 nmi with ‘sunken rocks’ extending about 0.5 nmi to the south west of the islet. A depth of 30 m is reached within 3 km to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Vegetation is restricted generally to the summit of the islet where the soil is sufficiently deep to permit the growth of shrubs and two of the larger rocks. A survey conducted in 1980 found ‘four distinct plant communities’ to present as ‘low shrublands’ dominated by chenopods (in two instances), nitre bush and pointed twinleaf. Twenty species were recorded during the 1980 survey including the invasive species African boxthorn and common iceplant.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals observed on the island group include marbled geckos and the following bird species: Richard&#39;s pipit, white-faced heron, Australian kestrel, white-bellied sea-eagle, welcome swallow, silver gull, rock parrot, white-faced storm petrel, short-tailed shearwater and common starling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery and use</h3><br>
<p>Flinders discovered the island group on Saturday, 13 February 1802, and named it due to it ‘resembling ships under sail’. On the same day, Flinders also nominated it as one of the constituent parts of the Investigator Group.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>The Topgallant Islands first received protected area status as part of a fauna reserve declared under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964 either on 1 September 1966 or 16 March 1967. The island group and other adjoining islands became part of the Investigator Group Conservation Park proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1972. On 25 August 2011, it was one of the island groups excised from the Investigator Group Conservation Park to form the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area. Since 2012, the waters adjoining the Topgallant Islands have been part of a sanctuary zone in the Investigator Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Baroona Hall is a heritage-listed community hall at 15-17 Caxton Street, Petrie Terrace, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1883 to 1884 by James Stuart Martin. It is also known as Caxton Street Hall, Josephsons Clothing Factory, and United Brothers Lodge. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Baroona Hall is a two storey brick hall constructed in 1884 to a design by Richard Gailey for the United Brothers Lodge of the Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows. The building reflects the need for larger premises as membership increases and the desire of the organisation to convey a sense of permanence and stability to its members.</p><br>
<p>Oddfellows societies were established in 17th century England after the demise of the medieval guilds left the working classes completely unprotected in the advent of illness or injury. This led to the formation of friendly societies who banded together to provide, by their own exertions and from their own slender resources, some of the medical and other essential services they lacked. Halls were often constructed by the societies, both as a venue for society meetings, and for use by the community for entertainments, lectures and public and political meetings.</p><br>
<p>There are three orders of Oddfellows, the largest of which is the Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows (MUIOOF). This Order was first established in 1813 in Manchester, spreading rapidly through the industrial north of England and then throughout the whole country.</p><br>
<p>The first Oddfellows lodge in Australia was formed in 1840 in Sydney by C M Crighton who was previously a brother of a lodge in Manchester. On 21 August 1847, an advertisement was placed in the Brisbane Courier to those residents who may be desirous of becoming members of the Society of Oddfellows proposed to be established in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>A lodge was subsequently formed and by 1874, there were twenty two lodges throughout Queensland. Prior to this date, Queensland lodges had been managed as branches of New South Wales lodges; however in 1874, they were granted separation.</p><br>
<p>The Loyal United Brothers Lodge, Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows was established by eleven Brisbane men in 1873. The inaugural meeting was held in the Lennenberg Hotel in Queen Street, and subsequent meetings were held at the Baptist Hall. Many of the foundation members were employed at Smellies Foundry, and others included draymen, wood carvers, and coachmen.</p><br>
<p>In 1878, the lodge purchased land in Caxton Street for £257 and due to increases in membership, decided to erect a hall. The sum of £1800 was borrowed towards the cost of construction which amounted to £1850. Together with furniture and regalia, the total cost was approximately £2400. The building was designed by Richard Gailey and constructed by James Stuart Martin, a leading member of the lodge. Construction began in 1883, and the opening was celebrated in February 1884.</p><br>
<p>The design incorporated two shops in the front of the building with a hall at the rear, which was entered from the lane at the side of the building. The hall featured a stage and a gallery, with a lodge room and ante room above the shops.</p><br>
<p>Richard Gailey, the architect, was one of Queenslands most prolific architects. Born in Ireland in 1834, he emigrated to Australia in 1864. Referred to as the doyen of Brisbanes architects, he is responsible for the design of many substantial buildings, both commercial and residential, as well as other society halls including an Oddfellows Hall at Fortitude Valley and a Masonic Hall at Toowong.</p><br>
<p>The hall was utilised by the lodge and the community for a number of years and the shops were continually occupied by a number of small businesses including bakers, stationers, hairdressers, bootmakers and drapers.</p><br>
<p>However, the economic downturn of the 1890s severely overstretched the resources of the lodge, forcing the society to lease the premises to a commercial tenant.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the hall was leased to Isidor Josephson, a clothing manufacturer. Josephson entered the clothing business in Brisbane at the age of 21, and built a substantial business which eventually extended to most other states. His factory premises at Caxton Street were used as an example of bright, airy factories, fitted with machinery which enlightens the labour (in Barton&#39;s Jubilee History of Queensland (1909)).</p><br>
<p>The lodge continued to meet upstairs until 1916 when they moved to the BAFS Dispensary in George Street.</p><br>
<p>The society sold the Caxton Street hall in 1928; however Josephson remained as tenant until 1936 when he moved to new premises in Roma Street. The building remained vacant until the Second World War when it was occupied by the Defence Department Stationer and a hairdresser. It was then vacant again until 1949, when one shop was let by a tailor and the remainder of the building was occupied as the Baroona Labour Hall. The building has also been utilised as a Sunday Market, and the lodge room was used by the Caxton Street Legal Services from 1976. At some stage by 1980, one of the shops was converted into the entrance to the hall.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s, the hall was converted for use as a nightclub, and although it has changed hands and images a number of times, it remains in this use.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Baroona Hall is located at the corner of Caxton and Cathie Streets. Constructed of face brick, with a cement rendered front facade and neo-classical detailing, it is located on a sloping site, resulting in it being two storeys at the front and one storey at the rear.</p><br>
<p>Located within a row of 19th century buildings, it has a dominant streetscape presence.</p><br>
<p>The two-storey building has a rendered facade with remnants of paint in some areas and a shop and entrance to the hall at street level. The building is divided by central and end pillars, two of which have had the tiles and render removed to expose badly damaged bricks.</p><br>
<p>The shop, of which the tenant is a tailor, is located on the side nearest Cathie Street. It has a central recessed entrance, with steel framed display windows on either side. There appears to have been few alterations internally. Signage for the store follows the tradition of hand painted signage on the front and end elevations of the awning.</p><br>
<p>The other side of the front elevation incorporates the entrance to the hall, which is located to one side of the central pillar. The remaining space has been boarded up.</p><br>
<p>A curved corrugated iron awning is located over the footpath, supported by three timber posts. Above the awning, the facade is symmetrically arranged, with central and end pilasters. Within the bays on either side of the central pilaster are pairs of semi circular arched windows. Above this section is a panel running the width of the building with the words UNITED BROTHERS LODGE in relief. This is capped with a stone entablature below a parapet featuring an open circular pattern. The parapet is divided by short pedestals surmounted by substantial finials. Between these are two pediments with decorative scrollwork and the badly weathered letters MUI on one and OOF on the other. The uppermost part of the pediments have circular elements featuring symbolic elements of the Oddfellows, including a dove and hands shaking.</p><br>
<p>The elevation to Cathie Street is exposed face brick, with a series of circular and semi circular arched windows. The first three (a small semi circular arched window and two circular windows) are located above three doors with semi circular arched brick headers, of which the central one has been bricked in. Four elongated semi circular arched windows are evenly spaced along the remainder of the elevation. These align with identical windows on the opposite elevation, which are currently boarded up.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building is one storey high. It comprises a gable end with a central door flanked by two semi-circular arched windows. The windows are boarded up and obscured by a new brick toilet block. The roof is newly sheeted in galvanised iron, with two decorative ventilators located along the ridge. A chimney is evident towards the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the new entrance leads to a set of stairs which access the main hall. The walls are plastered and painted, with a shadow line at dado height, which steps up around the location of the original stage. New timber floor boards have been laid over the original boards. The ceiling is of tongue and groove boarding with iron tie rods and is horizontal in the centre and follows the slope of the roof line at the sides. The boarding has been covered with sound proofing materials and is obscured by air conditioning ducts and light and sound apparatus. A new stage on a number of levels is constructed over new toilets at the rear of the hall, and a bar with a mezzanine level above is located along the Cathie Street side.</p><br>
<p>Stairs, possibly with the original timber balustrading lead to the former lodge room from the entrance area. Original doors are located at each end of the wall facing the mezzanine level, with a chimney breast centrally positioned in the same wall. The room has plastered walls and a new tongue and groove boarded ceiling. A bar is located on either side of the wall at the Cathie Street end.</p><br>
<p>Original joinery details survive in most parts of the hall.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Baroona Labor Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Baroona Hall was constructed between 1883 and 1884 by the United Brothers Lodge, Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows. The lodge was established in 1873, to meet the needs of a large working class population without protection against injury, illness or other hardships.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the hall demonstrates the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history by being representative of the considerable and necessary service supplied by Friendly Societies in the 19th and early 20th century community.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is also an uncommon example of a cement rendered building which is unpainted, and also of surviving 1950s style signage to the awning.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The hall demonstrates the principal characteristics of an Oddfellows Hall, including symbols of the society and the division of space into hall, gallery, stage and lodge room. The inclusion of retail premises in front of the hall was also a relatively common feature of community halls.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Baroona Hall has substantial aesthetic significance, both individually, and as part of the streetscape. This is contributed to by the high degree of design, workmanship and materials.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The hall has special association with many members of the community, including past and present members of the United Brothers Lodge, and with community groups who used the hall such as the Caxton Street Legal Service. It also has special association with the Australian Labour Party, who used the hall as their branch headquarters from the mid 1940s and are still the owners.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Baroona Hall is also associated with Brisbane architect, Richard Gailey as an example of his work. Gailey was a prolific architect who designed many notable commercial and residential buildings. He also designed other society halls, including an Oddfellows Hall in Fortitude Valley and a Masonic Hall at Toowong.</p><br>
<p>Baroona Special School is a heritage-listed state school at 1 Hale Street, Petrie Terrace, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1868 to 1921. It is also known as Baroona Opportunity School, Petrie Terrace Opportunity School, and Petrie Terrace School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Baroona Special School comprises a number of buildings, including two brick buildings, one of which was opened in March 1868 as the Petrie Terrace School, whilst the second building was erected in 1874 as the new Petrie Terrace Girls and Infants School.</p><br>
<p>Petrie Terrace developed as a working class suburb of Brisbane during the 1860s. Brisbane Gaol was built on the main road into town in 1860, and military barracks were erected in 1864. This site on which the school is located was reserved for educational purposes in the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The Education Act of 1860 established a Board of General Education and provided for a system of government-subsidised primary school, similar to the system then operating in New South Wales. Under the Queensland Act, communities were required to contribute one-third of the cost of construction of new school buildings. Pupils at schools were also subject to payment of fees. At its commencement in 1860, the Board acquired four schools; 73 schools had been opened by 1868, and by 1874, 203 schools were open.</p><br>
<h3>State primary school</h3><br>
<p>By the mid 1860s a school was needed in the rapidly growing Petrie Terrace area, and efforts commenced to raise the necessary funds. The long rectangular classroom with end porches and teachers room was erected in 1867 at a cost of around £400. The classroom was designed to accommodate 150 pupils, with separate "departments" for male and female students. Just over 300 students were enrolled at Petrie Terrace School by the end of 1868, although the average attendance for that year was 157 pupils.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect Richard George Suter, who was working in Brisbane by 1865 when he was employed by Benjamin Backhouse. In 1864 Backhouse had prepared a model plan for the Queensland Board of Education, to be used for country schools. Whilst employed in Backhouses office Suter prepared designs for school buildings, which later lead to the Board commissioning Suter for the design of timber schools and teachers residences. From the end of 1868 until 1875, Suter undertook almost all of the Board&#39;s work which involved approximately 30 National Schools including schools in centres such as Toowoomba, Warwick, Gympie, Rockhampton, Townsville, Roma and Bundaberg as well as the Brisbane area.</p><br>
<p>An inspection of the school in November 1873 reported that the school was crowded, and that as the district continued to increase in population at least double the classroom accommodation would be required. It is also likely that the introduction in 1870 of free education in Queensland stimulated the growth of the school. The report further noted that it was really a very fine school.</p><br>
<p>Drawings for a new building were prepared by Suter by January 1874. The tender price for the new building was £1022, and included separate rooms for the female students and the "infants". Although officially opened in January 1875, the new building was occupied from late 1874, and known as the Petrie Terrace Girls and Infants School.</p><br>
<p>Suter designed the new building to be somewhat in character with the present school. A feature of Suters work was his utilisation of the materials, as used in construction, to provide ornamentation of the building, whilst working within the strict budget set by the Board. The 1867 and 1875 buildings demonstrated Suters characteristic use of the Gothic Revival Style and showed a progression in the design of window openings and the use of corbel ornamentation of the walls and gables in an attempt to surmount the innate vulgarity of bricks and hardwood.</p><br>
<p>The headmaster of the Petrie Terrace School (Boys and Girls/Infants) from 1868 to 1898 was John Bowden Fewings, a gentleman and scholar. In 1892 Fewings wrote a collection of letters, (published in 1990 as JB Fewings Memoirs of Toowong) which provide a useful source of information on the development of Toowong and its inhabitants. Petrie Terrace School became well known for its many scholarship successes with many students becoming prominent Brisbane identities.</p><br>
<p>By 1884 it was recommended that a new school be erected for the boys, who still occupied the 1867 school building. Various sites were considered, and land was reserved on Moreton Street, some streets to the north of the then Petrie Terrace School. Tenders for a new State School for Boys at Petrie Terrace were called in July 1888, and the Boys School had relocated to the new site by May 1889. The Petrie Terrace Girls and Infants School remained on the original site; the 1867 building was used as the Infants Department.</p><br>
<p>Improvements to the school grounds were carried out from the early 1880s. These included tree plantings in the playground and the erection of play sheds (no longer extant). Records indicate that the shade trees planted included bamboos, Moreton Bay Figs, silky oaks, camphor laurels, small leafed figs and a jacaranda.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were altered in 1914, at which time verandahs were added to the eastern side of the 1867 building and the northern side of the 1874 building. New gable windows and sunshades were added to the exterior of both buildings, greatly improving the ventilation and lighting of the classrooms. Both buildings were remodelled, including the removal of interior galleries and the entry porch from the northern side of the 1867 building, and the reorganisation of the teaching areas in the 1874 building with glass partitions. A new room for teachers was also added to the 1874 building. Also at this time a retaining wall was constructed east of the 1874 building, and a Drill Ground was formed. The 1914 plans also indicate that there were two play sheds west of the 1867 building.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 a classroom was added to the northwest of the 1867 building. A new classroom was also added to the north side of the 1874 building at this time.</p><br>
<p>The site was sewered in 1929, at which time the existing earth closets were removed and a new lavatory block erected.</p><br>
<p>In July 1953, the Petrie Terrace Boys and Girls Schools were amalgamated. The Girls School relocated to the Moreton Street buildings, and a separate Infants School was formed at the Hale Street school. The Infants School was amalgamated with the Petrie Terrace School on Moreton Street from July 1960.</p><br>
<h3>Opportunity school</h3><br>
<p>Following the removal of the infants school to Moreton Steet, the Hale Street school became the Petrie Terrace Opportunity School (for children with disabilities). The conversion of the Infants School to the Opportunity School included the addition of a new classroom to the 1874 building and a further remodelling of classrooms in both buildings. A Manual Training room was built into the basement level of the 1874 building, whilst a former classroom in the same building was converted into a Home Science Room.</p><br>
<p>Special training for handicapped pupils had commenced in Queensland in the late 1880s with centres for blind and deaf children. In 1923 WF Bevington, a District Inspector of Schools, prepared a plan for the provision of special classes for children with intellectual and emotional problems who were not making "normal" progress at school. The first "backward" classes, as they were initially described, commenced at the South Brisbane Boys&#39; School. The classes proved successful, and during 1923 similar classes were formed at the Fortitude Valley (Boys), New Farm (Mixed), Petrie Terrace (Girls), Ipswich Central (Boys), Townsville Central (Boys), Rockhampton and Toowoomba South (Girls) Schools. By the end of 1923, just over 330 pupils were in attendance at these classes, supervised by 15 teachers. From the middle of 1926 the name "Opportunity Schools", rather than Backward Schools, was adopted for these centres.</p><br>
<p>Additions and remodelling were carried out at the school in 1961, and in 1962 the school was renamed the Baroona Opportunity School. A new toilet block was erected in 1964. Further remodelling of the school commenced in the early 1970s, and in 1975 a new amenities block was erected in place of the 1964 block, and a covered play area and new administration block were constructed. A hall had also been constructed on the site by 1975.</p><br>
<p>The school was renamed the Baroona Special School in 1974. It continued to provide special education until 16 June 1995 when the school was closed.</p><br>
<h3>Present use</h3><br>
<p>In 2004, the school became the Albert Park Flexible Learning Centre, providing Years 11 and 12 (final two years of secondary school) to students needing more flexible school arrangements. It caters to students between the ages of 14 and 25. The centre was first established in 1990 in Albert Park to provide education to homeless children and later occupied the Lady Bowen Building in Spring Hill before the move to its present location. The school now supports a wider range pf students, including parents of young children.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located at the corner of Hale Street and Milton Road, the Baroona Special School comprises a complex of buildings. The earliest buildings on the site were erected in 1867 and 1874, and these buildings retain a prominent position in the south west corner of the site.</p><br>
<h3>1867 Building</h3><br>
<p>This single-storeyed brick building is T-shaped in plan, with steep gable roofs designed for shingles, and dormer windows either side of the main roof ridge. The walls are of English bond, and the largely unaltered southwest elevation has corbels and eaves brackets to support the dormer windows, and lancet windows with straight pointed heads set between the corbels.</p><br>
<p>The building is set on Brisbane tuff foundations, with brick buttresses to the corners of the minor gable, the weathering stones of which have rubbed depressions from sharpening slate pencils.</p><br>
<p>The main gable end walls assumed their present form in 1914, when the timber porch at each end was replaced by a large composite 24-sash window, and the lancet window to each side of the new central window and the double rectangular windows above were bricked up; the brick lozenge-shaped ventilation opening in the gable peak remaining unaltered.</p><br>
<p>The timber verandah on the east side of the building was also built in 1914, and is contemporary with the two eastern doorways into the classrooms, and the removal of the original galleries from the building interior. There is a later glazed verandah infill on the northwest.</p><br>
<p>Within the 1867 building, the space is divided into two classrooms by a concertina room divider, and has a raked plaster ceiling.</p><br>
<h3>1874 Building</h3><br>
<p>Constructed to the north of the 1867 classroom, this building comprised an L-shaped, single-storeyed structure with basement on tuff foundations with a steep pitched roof and dormer windows in the hips.</p><br>
<p>This building is also in English bond, with lozenge vents in the gable peaks, but unlike the earlier building, has a running frieze of brick corbels below the eaves, raked brick window sills and square headed window openings.</p><br>
<p>Brick buttresses are provided to the north and east gable corners where the ground falls away.</p><br>
<p>Although the 1874 south and west timber verandahs and brick porch remain, the north verandah was added in 1914 at the same time as 24 pane composite windows were inserted into each of the three brick gables. Within the building, brick panels were removed and RSJ beams inserted to allow construction of the large glazed door partition to the northern verandah, and the opening into the southern porch area. The existing glazed partitions between classrooms were also constructed in 1914, contemporary with removal of the galleries and bricking-up of selected doors and windows.</p><br>
<p>The roof truss is lined with timber boards above the rafters, and comprises a mid tie and a tie at the wall plate, with vertical steel connecting rods.</p><br>
<p>The 1874 building has been extended to the north with a brick store building (before 1929), a timber infants&#39; room built over a basement room (before 1959) and a new passage and classroom built in 1959 with a newly fitted out manual training room and laundry underneath. The 1959 extension has face brickwork foundations, and is sheeted in weatherboards with hopper windows replacing the earlier sliding sashes, and has a corrugated GI roof.</p><br>
<p>French doors provide access to the early verandahs, which are of timber with hardwood floorboards, square section posts and no balustrading, and which are open except for ventilated storage space on the western edge.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The 1914 drill ground remains as a grassed area to the east of the 1867 building. The reinforced concrete retaining wall along the northern site boundary dates from 1929, the same year that sewage was laid on and a new toilet block constructed beside the 1874 building. The 1929 toilet block was demolished in 1975, to make way for the existing covered play area and administration area. Toilet amenities and a tuckshop now occupy a 1975 steel framed building in the northeast corner of the site, next to the c.1950s fibro hall.</p><br>
<p>The school grounds and the perimeter have several large mature trees that are likely to have been planted before 1929, and which provide a framework for the attractive carefully tended garden and building surrounds at the school.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Baroona Special School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the site of a primary school from the late 1860s, the Baroona Special School is associated with the development of education in Queensland from this time. The School has an important association with the development of Special Education in Queensland, as one of eight schools in which special education classes were held in the early-mid 1920&#39;s, and the subsequent conversion of the school to an Opportunity School during the 1960s. The erection of the first building in 1867 and a second building in 1874 also illustrate the development of Petrie Terrace as a residential area during this time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings erected in 1867 and in 1874 survive as early examples of brick school buildings designed by prominent architect RG Suter, who was responsible for the design of school buildings in Queensland during the late 1860s and early-mid 1870s, a period of expansion of school facilities in Queensland. Subsequent additions and alterations to the 1867 and 1874 buildings provide evidence of changing attitudes towards primary and special education.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the school contain several mature trees and evidence of earlier use of the grounds, for example as a Drill area. The prominent location of the 1867 and 1874 buildings on the corner of Hale Street and Milton Road, and the mature trees located around the perimeter of the grounds, contribute to the Petrie Terrace townscape.</p><br>
<p>La Boite Theatre Building is a heritage-listed former theatre at 69 Hale Street, Petrie Terrace, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Blair Wilson and built in 1972. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 January 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>La Boite Theatre was built in 1972 to the design of Brisbane architect Blair Wilson for the Brisbane Repertory Theatre Company.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Repertory Theatre Society was founded in 1925 by a group of local theatre enthusiasts led by Barbara Sisley and Professor Jeremiah Joseph Stable. Their stated object was "to stimulate public interest and to promote public education in the drama and to promote and encourage the study and development of the best in dramatic literature and art." Their first play was "The Dover Road" by A. A. Milne. and in 1926 they performed an Australian play and decided that they would in future include at least one Australian play in each years programme. In 1931 they held their inaugural Australian Playwriting Competition, the winning play causing controversy when it was performed because of its realistic subject matter and coarse language. It was a sign of things to come. The theatre company became known for its production of modern and innovative theatre. They are now Australias oldest continuously running theatre company.</p><br>
<p>The group has performed in many theatres including Her Majestys, the Bohemia, Cremorne, Theatre Royal, Rialto, Old and New Albert Halls and held a lease on the Princess Theatre for several years. However, one by one theatres closed and with the demolition of the Albert Hall in 1967, the last available and affordable venue for productions in the central city area was lost. The society looked for a way to continue productions and decided to establish a permanent home "where the theatres image could flourish and members would be welcome at all times".</p><br>
<p>The society had acquired two timber cottages on the corner of Hale and Sexton Streets, Petrie Terrace in the late 1950s for use as clubrooms. They then purchased adjoining properties and decided to convert one of the houses into a theatre-in-the-round. There were several reasons for this decision. To begin with, there was no existing theatre in the round in Brisbane, even though some experimental productions in this style had been well received. In 1965 an experimental in the round performance was held in the converted house in Sexton Street.</p><br>
<p>Theatre in the round would extend the range of theatrical experience available to the Brisbane public and allow actors and directors to employ new techniques. There was an increasing overseas trend for more flexible performance space and a theatre in the round offered the simplest and cheapest way of achieving this. The equipment and scenery needed was not as elaborate as that required for a conventional theatre and seating capacity could be smaller so that an existing building could be utilised.</p><br>
<p>The converted cottage seated 65 people and opened for performances in June 1967. In spite of the small space and limited technical facilities, a lack of proper seating and air conditioning, the new theatre was an artistic success. It was named La Boite (The Box) to acknowledge its box-like shape.</p><br>
<p>Theatre-in-the-round, where the audience surrounds the players, is an ancient way of presenting performances but was new as a 20th-century theatrical form. It was an outcome of ideas developed in the first decades of the century in reaction to the restrictions of traditional theatre. At the time, theatres provided elaborate settings were the audience went to see and be seen and were seated on the ground floor and in rows of tiers and boxes facing a picture frame stage. Scenery and costumes were elaborate; acting was exaggerated in style and productions expensive to mount. Changes included simplification of settings and the use of lighting as an integral part of the performance, rather than just as means of illuminating the players.</p><br>
<p>In a reaction to the proscenium stage, a movement began in the mid-20th century to design theatres with the performing area placed centrally in the auditorium. The placing of the audience around the performers rather than in front of them permitted a much closer relationship between actors and audience to develop. Margo Jones in Dallas, Texas, who studied this concept and used it for productions, wrote an influential book on her work, Theater-in-the-Round (1951). Notable examples of theatres associated with developing this concept are the Arena Stage in Washington, DC, USA (1961) and the Royal Exchange in Manchester, England (1976). The remaining cottages at Milton were used as studio, workshop and storage areas. Brisbane Repertory Theatre mounted more than forty productions over the next four years and their space needs became pressing. Brisbane City Council approval for a new theatre replacing the converted house was granted in 1971. It was also to be a theatre in the round, though this time designed and built for the purpose. Blair Wilson of Brisbane firm R Martin Wilson & Sons created the design with input from the theatre&#39;s Artistic Director, Jennifer Blocksidge. It was the first purpose built arena theatre in Australia, the Ensemble Theatre in Sydney using a converted space for its performances.</p><br>
<p>The building construction was financed by a dollar-for-dollar grant of $40,000 from the Queensland Government in November 1971. The "dream theatre" designed by Blair Wilson was originally costed at $100,000, but it was found possible to reduce this to the available budget of $80,000 and retain the original design. This was done by modifying some details, reusing lighting and sound equipment from the old building and reducing costs for materials and finishes. The Queensland Governor, Sir Alan Mansfield, planted a time capsule in the foundations on 28 November 1971.</p><br>
<p>Utilising reject bricks that had chipped corners or minor irregularities of shape effected a major saving. Blair Wilson subsequently won the Industry Clay Brick Award for creative use of brick and the distinctive dark bricks forming a curvaceous box are a strong feature of the design. It was felt by a number of people visiting the theatre that the slight irregularities of the bricks imparted character and a demand for similar bricks were experienced by the supplier. Externally a small courtyard leading off the foyer proved a pleasant social space for use at intermission. The interior had tiers of seating on all four sides of the building surrounding a central stage. One bank of seats was made removable. The finish was simple and modern with a suspended black ceiling and exposed brick walls. Tunnels under the seating tiers allowed performers to move around the theatre without being visible.</p><br>
<p>The succeeding Governor, Sir Colin Hannah, officially opened the theatre on 11 June 1972. The Courier-Mail noted at the time that the Brisbane Repertory Theatre had made Australian theatre history by owning the first theatre in the country to be designed and built "in the round", a significant departure from traditional theatre design. Internal changes have occurred to the theatre since, but the essential design elements remain. In 1988 seats from the Expo 88 Russian Pavilion replaced the original seating.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Repertory Theatre continued to be innovative and established the Early Childhood Drama Project in 1975 and held its first season of all Australian plays in 1980. In 1993 it became a professional company. As such, its needs were somewhat different than those of the amateur company for which the theatre was designed. There was a need for more space and, concurrently, the development of nearby Lang Park stadium reduced car parking for La Boite patrons, prompting consideration of a move. In 1996 La Boite incorporated as a non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was used as a venue by the Queensland Theatre Company in the 1970s and continued to be used by a variety of local occasional companies, as well as presenting an annual season of productions by La Boite Theatre Inc. Since 2000 the Company has also been using the Powerhouse Theatre for performances.</p><br>
<p>On 23 December 2001 it was announced that the theatre company would move to the new Creative Industries Complex of Queensland University of Technology at their Kelvin Grove campus, while administrative and rehearsal functions moved to the Thomas Dixon Centre at West End. Work began on the new theatre in 2002 and the Company moved into the new Roundhouse Theatre soon after.</p><br>
<p>The La Boite Theatre Building on Hale Street was sold and converted into commercial premises.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>La Boite Theatre illustrates its name, being literally a box-shaped brick building with rounded corners. It is constructed of dark reject bricks with texture created by variations in the way in which the bricks are laid in the lower section. The roof is metal clad and low pitched.</p><br>
<p>The building is designed over three levels. On the ground floor is the foyer, flanked by small lobbies and a ticket office with the auditorium seating 200 behind it. This contains a central acting space with seating around it. Tunnels are located under the raked seating and provide access for the actors to different parts of the stage.</p><br>
<p>There is rehearsal space, a workshop, storage, office and dressing rooms in a basement area below the stage and a gallery above. A brick-paved courtyard opens off the foyer.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>La Boite Theatre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 January 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>La Boite Theatre illustrates the development of theatre in Queensland, as an arena theatre, which allowed the presentation of modern, flexible and intimate performances, reflecting trends in Europe and America, and rejuvenating amateur theatre in Queensland. It is also important as a purpose designed building for a longstanding and popular theatre company who have played an important role in the arts in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>La Boite Theatre is rare as the first purpose designed theatre-in-the-round in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The design for La Boite Theatre won a building industry award for the innovative use of material and is also innovative in form, the exterior expressing the name, which means "The Box" and was carried forward from the earlier theatre, converted from a cottage.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>La Boite Theatre is strongly connected with the development of the Brisbane Repertory Theatre Company, for which it was specifically designed and which has housed it for 30 years. The company took its name from the building when incorporated.</p><br>
<p>Děvín Mayden Berg; ;  is the highest  mountain of Pavlov Hills, northern part of , Moravia Czech Republic. Located nearby of the historical border between Austria and Moravia , and right on trace where runs line of drainage divide of Upper Dyje drainage and Dyje/Morava mesodrainage.</p><br>
<p>The average annual temperature is about 8,2 °C.</p><br>
<p>A radio and TV transmitter is situated on the top. The lower platform is used as a watcharea. The mountain is also a popular area and hikers goal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area is rich in historical interest. The summit of Děvín has the remains of a huge Iron Age hill fort, while the ancient Amber Route runs neighbors of the mountains base, and all archaic roads in landscape, originally created by anymals and later owertaken by humans. The area around base of the mountain is permanently settled longer than last 30 000 years. Since Cromagnos hunters, ower Celtic tribes settlement, Roman fortress, Great Moravia hillforts (Strachotín and Děvín). The Venus of Dolní Věstonice is a Venus figurine, a ceramic statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000–25,000 BCE (Gravettian industry), which was found at a Paleolithic site in the Moravian basin south of Brno. In the base of Děvín Mountain 549 metres (1,801 ft). This figurine, together with a few others from nearby locations, is the oldest known ceramic article in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The entire Děvín massif consists mainly by Jourassic limestone, i.e. series of rocks generated during sedimentation.</p><br>
<p>The body of the Děvín Mountain is strongly modulated, with outcrops and cliffs (klippe/crag) of pure, hard and white limestone of Later Jurassic origin, called Ernstbrunn limestone.</p><br>
<p>Sedimentation of Ernstbrunn limestone was preceded by the sedimentation of grey calcareous</p><br>
<p>Děvín-Kotel massif.</p><br>
<p>Děvín claystone and clay limestone, called Klentnice layers. All the Pavlov Hills are situated at the margin of the flysch zone of the Northern Limestone Alps and Western Carpathians (South moravian carpathians). The flysch beds consist of strongly folded Lower Tertiary claystone, sandstone and conglomerate. During the periods of orogenetic activity in the Tertiary, large blocks of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous rocks were torn from their Jurassic base (now situated more lower - up to 2 km below the surface), and re-deposited over the younger flysch beds.</p><br>
<p>In the Lower Badenian period (Upper Tertiary), the Pavlov Hills were surrounded by a</p><br>
<p>warm sea. Pieces of Jurassic rock present in the littoral gravel from that period indicate that limestone may have been already denuded at that time. At 15 Ma BP (before present) a strong</p><br>
<p>subsidence formed the Vienna Basin. During the following 9 Ma, up to 3 km thick layers of</p><br>
<p>maritime and lacustrine sediments were deposited on its bottom.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Děvín as a whole eastern part of Pálava lies in the northwest promontory of the Panonian plain. It is the warmest and almost the most arid area in the Czech Republic, and therefore vines are cultivated here. Because of this climate some plant species that do not occur anywhere else in the country grow here. The colourful mosaic of arid rock grass, fringe tree communities, thermophilous bushes and thermophilous oakwoods on the Děvín slopes, which originated partly due to the influence of grazing, is called karst forest steppe. The Děvín forest plateaus are dominated by sparse loess oakwoods together with a species-rich herbaceous layer, while Panonian oak-hornbean dominates the north-facing slopes and valleys.Riparian forests with pedunculate oaks and narrow-leaved ashes and quite small areas of alluvial meadows have been preserved in the Dyje floodplain in the vicinity of Křivé lake. Remains of halophytic vegetation, which occurred quite commonly on the salinated grazing land in South Moravia, still survive on the western bank of Nesyt pond near Sedlec.</p><br>
<p>Summit is covered by steppe meadow, pinewood and rock.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<h2>View</h2><br>
<p>The observation tower and later TV transmitter was built between 1979-80. The Bílé Karpaty, Malá Fatra Mts. and Alps, and also Vienna, Brno and Bratislava can be seen from the observation, view terrace. By fair weather, the silhouette of Děvín and the whole hill complex may be observed from the departure hall of Brno International Airport.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding</h2><br>
<p>2 km to north is located well known archeological site Dolní Věstonice-most famous ceramic fugurine - Venus of Dolní Věstonice was discovered there by archeologist Karel Absolon.</p><br>
<p>Pavlov.jpgOutlook from Děvín summit to Pavlov village</p><br>
<p>Klentnice - pohled 2009.jpgAerial wiew on Klentnice</p><br>
<p>Bauschänzli is an artificial island, town square, and public park in Zürich, Switzerland. Bauschänzli  is one of the last remains of the Baroque fortifications of Zürich which began in 1642. The neighboring Schanzengraben  and the Old Botanical Garden are part of these remains. Since 1907, the island has been used as a restaurant, although it is officially a public square and park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Bauschänzli is situated in the historical Alpenquai district on the artificial island. It is on the western shore of Limmat, off Bürkliplatz at the Stadthausquai road and opposite Bellevueplatz. A tiny public park can be found here.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interests</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the Seeuferanlage and its neighboring Uto and General Guisan quays, the Zürich Arboretum and the Zürich Aviary are nearby. The aviary houses the Vogelpflegestation, a unique sanctuary for birds. Other attractions include the historical Lindenhof quarter downstream on the Limmat.</p><br>
<p>Today the small park is dominated by the Bauschänzli restaurant, claiming to be the largest beer garden outside the Munich Octoberfest. The area is illuminated by the Plan Lumière of the city government of Zurich. In December, the area is home to the Circus Conelli, the only event periodically held on the small island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The area between Limmat and Lake Zurich around Sechseläutzenplatz and on the small islands and peninsulas in Zürichwas was once swampland. Prehistoric pile dwellings around Zürichsee were set on piles to protect against occasional flooding by the Linth and Jona. Alpenquai is located on the Lake Zurich shore in Enge, a locality of the municipality of Zürich. It was neighbored by the settlements at Kleiner Hafner and Grosser Hafner, on what was then a peninsula (now an island) in the effluence of the Limmat. It was an area of about 0.2 km&sup2; within the city of Zürich. As well as being part of the 56 Swiss sites of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, the settlements are listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class object. Despite the dredging for the construction of the Seequai between 1916 and 1919, an area of approximately 2.8 hectare with two cultural layers was preserved around Bauschänzli. Pile shoes at different altitudes in the cultural layers were found and rich bar decoration of ceramics occurred exclusively in the lower layer. The decoration on the cannelure groups was limited to the upper layer, with some graphite-decorated fragments.</p><br>
<h3>Grendeltor</h3><br>
<p>Grendeltor (or colloquially Grendel) was the only water gate in medieval Zürich. It served as an additional lakeside fortification towards the present Stadelhoferplatz. The gate served as a transit for vessel traffic between the Limmat and Lake Zurich. It was the only water gate in Zürich and stood on the east bank of the Limmat where Haus Bellevue is today, opposite the Bauschänzli bastion. It was enforced by a double row of palisades. In an assignment list of about 1489 AD, two riflemen, "uff the hutten", were mentioned, probably meaning the Grendeltor. The gate tower was also built as a customs station for goods that were transported on the waterway to the civilian Schifflände harbor. The medieval military harbor was situated at the present Sechseläutenplatz. In 1578, the alert to the buzz uff the huts had to be guaranteed at day and night. The Grendeltor was broken in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>The name Bauschänzli derives from the former building site Bauplatz Schanz, meaning "construction site at the Lair" or, literally, bastion. Later, it was popularly called Schänzlein im Wasser, situated in the historical Kratz quarter. It was built as a bulwark. A picket fence was built in the south on what was the shore of Lake Zurich, between 1657 and 1662 AD.</p><br>
<p>Today, Bauschänzli is reached from the west bank of the Limmat, at that time the site of the Bauhaus of the city&#39;s engineer, by a web-scraped drawbridge. As a southerly outpost, it served as a bastion to protect the city against naval attacks. On a shoal in the Limmat funnel, a small hill was built in 1660 to block access from the lake to the city. It was called Halbmond meaning "half moon", and was planted with trees. However, it was never threatened in the following years, and thus it was used primarily for public events. The Schwirren, lakeside palisades, were demolished in 1834/35 and its wall fortification in 1842. While the fortifications were abolished, the Bauschänzli bastion remained intact and served from 1835 to 1883 as the landing site for the first steamboats on the lake, later provided by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG). For some years, it was the property of the Canton of Zürich but was sold back to the city in 1846, under the condition that it must remain open to the public as a public square. The Leutholdplan map of 1846 showed it as a public park with tall trees and huge pillars in its center. In 1907, the owner of the Metropol building at Stadthausquai was allowed to run a garden restaurant and a building was erected for the Biergarten and to house an electric lighting facility. The current economic building and the distinctive column-like poplar were erected in 1937. In 2001/2002, in addition to the renovation and expansion of the Herter-building, new trees were planted and replenished, and the urban Plan Lumière was implemented.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural heritage</h2><br>
<p>Bauschänzli is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object.</p><br>
<p>John Martin Reservoir is a reservoir on the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1930s, USA Representative from Colorado John Martin successfully advocated for legislation in the USA Congress approving the building of a reservoir on the Arkansas River for the purposes of flood control. Signed into law in 1939 by President Roosevelt, the legislation assigned the task of construction to the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The effort required the USA government to buy more than 20,000 acre of land and relocate 21 mi of Santa Fe Railway track.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Caddoa Dam and Reservoir started in the fall of 1939. Rep. Martin died that year, and, in June 1940, both the dam and reservoir were renamed in his honor. Storage of water in the reservoir began in January 1943. The diversion of resources to fighting World War II caused delays in the project until 1946. The dam was finally completed in October 1948.</p><br>
<p>In December 1948, the state governments of Colorado and Kansas signed the Arkansas River Compact, an agreement governing the two states access to the rivers water, including John Martin Reservoir. In 1980, the states developed a plan allocating 60% of the reservoir&#39;s water to Colorado and 40% to Kansas. Adherence to the Compact has been a recurrent source of controversy between the two states, serving as a primary factor in the decades-long water conflict litigation Kansas v. Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>John Martin Reservoir is located at 38&deg;04&prime;23&Prime;N latitude, 103&deg;01&prime;41&Prime;W longitude (38.0730328, -103.0279951) at an elevation of 3,852 ft. It lies in southeastern Colorado in the Colorado Piedmont region of the Great Plains. The entirety of the reservoir lies within Bent County.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is impounded at its eastern end by John Martin Dam. The dam is located at 38&deg;04&prime;00&Prime;N latitude, 102&deg;56&prime;14&Prime;W longitude (38.0666741, -102.9371452) at an elevation of 3,852 ft. The Arkansas River is both the reservoir&#39;s primary inflow from the west and outflow to the east. Smaller tributaries include Rule Creek, which flows into the reservoir from the south, and Gageby Creek, which flows in from the north.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 50 runs generally east-west north of the reservoir. A BNSF Railway line runs generally east-west along the reservoir&#39;s southern shoreline, crossing the southern arm fed by Rule Creek.</p><br>
<p>The city of Las Animas lies on the south bank of the Arkansas River 4 mi west of the reservoir. Hasty, an unincorporated community, is located on USA 50 roughly 2 mi north of the reservoir&#39;s eastern end. Caddoa, also unincorporated, lies immediately east of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The surface area, surface elevation, and water volume of the reservoir fluctuate based on inflow and local climatic conditions. In terms of capacity, the Corps of Engineers vertically divides the reservoir into a set of pools based on volume and water level, and the reservoir is considered full when filled to the capacity of its recreation and conservation pool. When full, John Martin Reservoir has a surface area of 11,658 acre, a surface elevation of 3,852 ft, and a volume of 340,771 acre-ft. When filled to maximum capacity, it has a surface area of 20,516 acre, a surface elevation of 3,880 ft, and a volume of 788,104 acre-ft.</p><br>
<p>The streambed underlying the reservoir has an elevation of 3,765 ft. Since the reservoir&#39;s initial flooding, sedimentation has gradually accumulated on the reservoir bottom thus raising its elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>John Martin Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam that stands 118 ft tall and 2.6 mi long. A portion of the dam&#39;s midsection is a concrete spillway controlled by 16 radial gates which empty into the Arkansas River. When the reservoir is filled to its maximum capacity, the spillway has a discharge capacity of 660,000 cuft/s. When the reservoir is filled to the top of its flood control pool, the river outlet has a capacity of 16,300 cuft/s.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The Albuquerque District of the USA Army Corps of Engineers manages both the dam and the reservoir for the purposes of flood control and irrigation. Colorado Parks and Wildlife manages the reservoir surface and all recreational activities at the reservoir including John Martin Reservoir State Park. The agency also oversees 19,471 acres adjoining the park as the John Martin Reservoir State Wildlife Area.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and recreation</h2><br>
<p>John Martin Reservoir State Park is located on the north shore of the reservoir&#39;s eastern end, and it extends east to include the area immediately below the dam. The park hosts boat ramps, camping facilities, a hiking trail, and wetland habitats. Below the dam is a small reservoir named Lake Hasty which includes a swimming beach.</p><br>
<p>John Martin Reservoir is open for sport fishing. Hunting is forbidden in the state park but permitted in the neighboring wildlife area.</p><br>
<h3>Points of interest</h3><br>
<p>A preserved 0.5 mi section of the Santa Fe Trail lies north of the reservoir, commemorated by a historical marker placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Fort Lyon National Cemetery is located immediately west of the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>John Martin Reservoir is a productive warm water fishery, providing species including saugeye, wiper, white bass, crappie, and catfish. These fish are stocked as needed.</p><br>
<p>With 373 documented species of birds in Bent County, John Martin Reservoir is considered a premier birding area. Additionally, during winter months, bald eagles can be found throughout the area. During the winter of 2001-2002, 126 eagles were documented.</p><br>
<p>Other wildlife common in the area include deer, prairie dogs, rabbits, raccoons, and squirrels.</p><br>
<p>Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Hendersonville, Henderson County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 65 contributing buildings in the central business district of Hendersonville. The commercial and governmental buildings include notable examples of Classical Revival architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Henderson County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the Huggins Building , Cole Bank Building , Justus Pharmacy, Davis Store block , The Federal Building , Maxwell Store Building , Pace’s Market , J. C. Penney Building , and Lampley Motors .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, with a boundary increase in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Gona Barracks is a heritage-listed barracks at 3, 7,12, 25 & 26 Gona Parade, Kelvin Grove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1960s. It is also known as Kelvin Grove Military Reserve and Kelvin Grove Training Area. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gona Barracks site was established just prior to World War I in the 1910s, for the purpose of military training for specialist units of compulsory militia forces. The site continued to develop and became a Citizens Military Force training complex in the 1950s, and later an Army Reserve recruitment centre.</p><br>
<p>The settlement of Brisbane began in 1825 with the establishment of a penal colony along that part of the Brisbane River that was later to become the town&#39;s central business district. Transportation of convicts ceased less than twenty years later in 1842, and Brisbane was opened to free settlement. The town was surveyed, and land to the north and west of Spring Hill, an area of early settlement, was made into park land. West of Victoria Park, the largest of the government reserves, the area now known as Kelvin Grove was cleared, and subdivided and offered for sale by the 1860s. The site that was eventually to become Gona Barracks was listed as Portion 322, Parish of North Brisbane, County of Stanley.</p><br>
<p>On 28 March 1879, Portion 322 was granted by the colonial government to the Brisbane Grammar School as an endowment. The school retained the endowment until 1911, leasing grazing rights to the holding as a means of raising funds for the school. No buildings were thought to have been constructed on the site throughout this period, and the only improvement to the endowment was the construction of a number of fences.</p><br>
<p>In May 1911, the Commonwealth Government acquired the Brisbane Grammar School endowment, and renamed the site the Kelvin Grove Defence Reserve. Acquisition of the property was a response to the need for training facilities for Australias expanding military forces. Forces of a voluntary nature, supported by a small number of permanent forces, had been in place in most of the Australian colonies by the late nineteenth century. With the Federation of Australias six colonies on 1 January 1901, defence became the responsibility of the new Commonwealth Government, and a Department of Defence was established in March 1901. The department took over control of the various colonial volunteer forces which, together with 1500 full-time soldiers, numbered almost 30,000. An external report completed in 1909 suggested the volunteer militia forces needed to be increased to number 80,000 soldiers and led to the establishment of the Armys Royal Military College at Duntroon in 1911. The Federal Governments response to the report was to introduce compulsory military training for both men and boys. The bulk of the Army&#39;s officers and troops were to serve on a part-time basis in the Australian Military Forces (AMF or militia), attending training one night per week and participating in some weekend camps and an annual encampment.</p><br>
<p>By 1911, some 90,000 men and boys had registered for military training Australia-wide, a number which expanded to over 130,000 two years later. Facilities for training in Brisbane included drill halls in Alice and Adelaide Street Streets in the city, and in Boundary Street in Spring Hill. The increase in numbers placed pressure on these facilities, none of which had room for expansion as each was located in a built-up area. The Department of Defence decided it would solve the problem by swapping the three inner Brisbane drill hall sites with the Queensland Government for more adequate land, specifying that the site be close to a tram line. The Survey Officer of Engineers, Captain Good, identified three possible sites to replace the inner city drill halls. The Grammar School Endowment was favoured in assessments of the sites, and in November 1910 the trustees of the endowment accepted an offer of £8000, and the deed of title for the "Kelvin Grove Defence Reserve" was transferred to the Commonwealth in May 1911.</p><br>
<h3>Kelvin Grove Defence Reserve</h3><br>
<p>The first buildings to be constructed on the Kelvin Grove Defence Reserve were an Infantry drill hall, consisting of a large drill space with eight offices along one side of the building, an associated toilet building, and an artificers workshop for Army mechanics, completed in 1914. This began an era of intense building activity at the site, precipitated by Australias entry into World War I in August 1914. To enable the construction of further buildings, the site had to be made level, an activity costing over £3000. By October 1915, the levelling had been finished, and another building, the Engineers depot, had been added to the site. This two-storey timber building was rectangular in shape, and was constructed to the design of Queensland Public Works Department architects. This building was completed at a cost of just over £1500 for the 23rd and 15th Engineer Companies, and included two wagon sheds and two harness rooms.</p><br>
<p>An Artillery drill hall, Brigade office and two gun parks for the Artillery units were the next additions to the site, constructed at the end of 1915. The Artillery drill hall was a rectangular, single-storey building with offices and wagon sheds at each end of a centrally located drill hall. The Brigade hall was a two-storey building, located to the west of the drill hall. The two gun park buildings were built at right angles to the Brigade hall, along the Kelvin Grove Road alignment. Each of the buildings featured a large room for the storage of 13 pounder artillery pieces, harness and cleaning rooms, and an office and commanding officers room. These artillery buildings were designed by the Queensland branch of the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs, and are among the earliest Commonwealth designs in Queensland. Most Commonwealth buildings at this time were being designed and constructed by the various states public works departments as it was some time before the Commonwealth established its own department with its own employees.</p><br>
<p>A drill hall for the Australian Army Service Corps (AASC) was added at the same time the Artillery buildings were constructed. This hall was built near the 1914 drill hall, at the opposite end of the site from the Artillery drill hall. The single-storey timber building was constructed to the plans of Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs architects, whose drawings were more detailed copies of plans prepared by the Queensland Government. Some other ancillary buildings were added to the Kelvin Grove site by the end of World War I. These included a military laundry with an attached engine house, and a "disinfector" building.</p><br>
<p>The First World War came to an end on 11 November 1918, and Australian troops returned home. Despite a lack of interest in matters military among the Australian government and people, military training continued at Kelvin Grove throughout the 1920s. By 1921, the Kelvin Grove site had become the training centre for the AASC, Signallers, Engineers and Artillerymen. The reserve was also used by the 11th Mixed Brigade for large training exercises, to which the specialist units based at Kelvin Grove were attached. On one occasion in 1923, the Kelvin Grove Engineers, Artillery, Signals and AASC units, together with Infantry, Australian Light Horse and Australian Army Medical Corps from elsewhere, combined for a training exercise at the site.</p><br>
<p>The use of some of the Kelvin Grove Defence Reserve buildings changed during the 1920s. The AASC moved out of its drill hall, which thereafter became ordnance offices and stores, while one of the gun parks was converted to an ordnance store, and the 1914 drill hall was converted to an ordnance lecture room.</p><br>
<p>The interwar period from 1919 to 1939 was an era of gradual expansion on the Reserve site. The first building to be constructed after the war was a corrugated iron remount depot. This building was dismantled and re-erected in 1933, and together with two riding yards and a manure pit, became the riding school. Many of the subsequent buildings to appear on the site throughout the Depression years of the 1930s were structures relocated from other locations. In 1934, the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE) drill hall was relocated to Kelvin Grove from Toowong, at a cost of £1620. The hall was located on sloping land near the AASC drill hall at the southern end of the site. It was positioned on reinforced concrete stumps and converted into a two-storey building. A Belgian 5.9 inch gun, captured from the Germans at Pozières in France during World War I by the 9th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment, was mounted on the grass outside the building. Living quarters for an Army staff officer were also added in 1934. The three bedroom timber house was constructed along Sylvan Road by builders NT Stansfield and Thomas Foster at a quoted price of £1500. The following year, a Field Artillery officer&#39;s mess was constructed between the Artillery drill hall and brigade office, thereby converting the two separate buildings into a single structure.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Moran Memorial Hall was another building to be added to the Kelvin Grove site in the interwar period. Frank Moran was a cadet officer prior to World War I, involved the training of Brisbane Grammar School military cadets. When Australia entered the war, Moran enlisted in the 1st AIF and left Australia in November 1914. He fought at Gallipoli and died of wounds on board ship in August 1915. The Hall was one of three memorials erected in his memory, the others being a Memorial Cross at St Brigids Catholic Church in Red Hill (dismantled in the 1930s); and a stained glass window in the Brisbane Grammar School War Memorial Library. Capital for the construction of the hall came from funds raised by Moran in 1913 and 1914, intended for the construction of a recreation building for cadets at Red Hill. Some £400 were raised, but lay forgotten until 1920. In 1925, the trustees of the fund decided to donate the money to the Army, provided the funds were used in a project that reflected the intentions of Moran more than ten years earlier. The following March, it was proposed the money be used for the construction of a recreation hut at Kelvin Grove which was to bear Morans name. The Commonwealth Department of Works and Railways prepared plans for the Frank Moran Memorial Hall in 1928, and in November 1929 the hall was completed at a cost of £461. The simple timber building was sited between the AASC drill hall and the 1914 Infantry drill hall. Left-over funds were used to purchase furniture, and a bathroom extension was added in 1933. In 1937 ownership and control of the hall was signed over to the Defence Department.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the interwar period, the northern portion of the Kelvin Grove Defence Reserve, the "lower barracks", remained undeveloped by the Defence Department, who leased the land to private individuals for grazing purposes from the 1920s. The department resumed control of this area for the riding school in late 1934.</p><br>
<p>As the 1930s progressed, it became increasingly evident that another war was approaching. In February 1938 further additions were made to the site following a reorganisation of the existing buildings. The Engineers had moved from their 1915 depot building to the relocated Toowong drill hall, and the Army Signals Corps moved into the former Engineer&#39;s depot, renamed the Kelvin Grove Signals Corps depot. The southern side of the building was extended with a two-storey wing, positioned at right angles to the original structure. This area housed a drill space and various stores and messes. In May 1939, the original 1914 drill hall was also altered with the construction of a skillion-roofed extension to the north. A fire hut was relocated to the rear of this drill hall. The Queensland 61st (Infantry) Battalion occupied the building at this time. Finally, in May 1939, a new lavatory block featuring a female toilet was erected under the Signals Corps depot; a closet building behind the AASC building was converted into a cookhouse; and a wireless hut located to the north of the Signals Corps depot, and a combined social and lecture hall were added to the Reserve.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>Australia entered the Second World War on 3 September 1939 with a declaration of war on Germany. Within the month of September, the 5th Field Artillery Regiment; the 42nd and 43rd Artillery Batteries; the 105th and 111th Artillery Batteries; and the first motor transport for the Batteries&#39; 18 pounder guns and 4.5 inch howitzers, had assembled at the site. The militia troops from the Signals Corps, the RAE and the AASC were also located at the Kelvin Grove Mobilisation Stores, and the 9/49th Signals Unit and the 61st Battalion were operating out of the 1914 infantry drill hall.</p><br>
<p>During World War II there were two permanent additions to the Kelvin Grove site. One was a garage and workshops building for servicing AASC vehicles, made necessary by the Armys process of converting from horse transport to motorised. Plans for the building were prepared in November 1939 and it is thought construction of the building was completed around 1942. The other permanent construction was the School for Linesmen-in-Training building, a two-storey, timber-framed and sheeted with fibrous cement building, finished by July 1941. The still undeveloped lower barracks area was the location of the building, constructed at a price of £2961 by Percy Richard Ayre. The building was constructed for the Postmaster-Generals Department, who agreed to train militia forces at the facility.</p><br>
<p>Besides the permanent additions to the barracks site, a number of temporary structures were added to accommodate some of the troops mobilised for the war effort. By the end of the war in 1945, temporary and permanent buildings of various shapes and sizes had spread throughout the Military Reserve. An area of notable development occurred around the staff officers quarters at the lower barracks. Here, 27 buildings formed the 2nd Australian Commander Royal Engineers camp. The buildings were likely to have been standard prefabricated structures of the World War II period, consisting of timber and masonite with fibro sheeting. A sloping dirt road connected the upper and lower barracks areas at this time, as did a long line of steep steps.</p><br>
<p>The US Army were also involved with the Kelvin Grove site during World War II. The parade ground area at the upper barracks site was made level by the US Army, whose alterations created the sunken road that runs past the relocated Toowong drill hall.</p><br>
<h3>Post-war years</h3><br>
<p>The Second World War ended in August 1945, and in the months that followed, Kelvin Grove Military Reserve saw the demobilisation of returning soldiers, and the disposal of surplus stores. In 1947, 48 buildings consisting mainly of the RAE Maintenance Company and Signals Camps in the Lower Barracks area, were designated as surplus to Army requirements and sold.</p><br>
<p>The post-war era was also a period of major reshaping of the Australian Army. The defence force was no longer to consist of a small core of professional offices, supported by a part-time army. To this end, the Australian Regular Army was created in September 1947, in which it was planned to have 19,000 full-time soldiers. The Australian Military Forces (militia) were renamed the Citizens Military Forces (CMF) in 1948, and in 1951 the Commonwealth introduced the National Service Scheme which required all 18-year-old Australian males to register for six months compulsory full-time military training, followed by a period of part-time service. The Kelvin Grove site, which became known as the Kelvin Grove Training Area in 1948, was to be used in the National Service Scheme as a major CMF training centre in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 the Defence Department decided to construct a new CMF complex for the training of Engineers and Signals at the Kelvin Grove site. The complex required many buildings, some of which were new buildings constructed at the site, and others were relocated from elsewhere. In establishing the CMF facility, CMF Engineers dug the initial earthworks, and the old riding school was demolished. Twenty-one World War II era buildings were relocated to the lower barracks area from the Wacol Army Camp, and a weatherboard assembly hall was built for both the Engineers and Signals. The depots for both groups were completed in 1953 and the engineers buildings were painted blue and the Signals buildings painted brown to distinguish between the two Depot areas. Authorisation for sealing the road linking the upper and lower barracks areas was also given in 1953. During the 1950s the School for Linesmen Building became the headquarters of the 5th Cadet Brigade which controlled all the school cadet units located in Brisbane and surrounding districts. The 5th Cadet Brigade remained in the building throughout the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the upper barracks continued its links with the Artillery. A 6-inch gun, reported to be from, was located behind the 1915 Engineers depot. The gun was later removed, although the "H" frame steel base remained.</p><br>
<p>The boundary of the Kelvin Grove training area altered somewhat throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s. In the lower barracks area, two acres were purchased from the Queensland Government in 1953, and in subsequent years, the Army exchanged some of its land for privately owned land to make the Barracks site more symmetrical and to accommodate the expansion of the Signals depot. A portion of a Queensland Government road reserve was also purchased at a cost of £1000 in 1961. While the lower barracks area was expanding in this period, the upper barracks area was reduced in size. The laundry site had been privately leased since the 1920s, and in 1954 the building and equipment was sold to the company, Bishops Laundry and Dry Cleaners, and thereby excised from the barracks site.</p><br>
<h3>Gona Barracks</h3><br>
<p>During the 1960s the Australian Army began renaming their barracks sites, drawing on prominent battles for the names. The Kelvin Grove site became "Gona Barracks", derived from the Battle of Gona, fought between Japanese and Australian troops on the north coast of Papua New Guinea between 16 November and 9 December 1942. The barracks continued to evolve and new military units moved to the site. In 1965 five brick houses were built along Blamey Street at a cost of £30,000 for use as married quarters. Two of the houses were later removed from Blamey Street, and the remaining three were excised from the barracks site. In 1966 the parade ground area was resealed in order to install two helicopter landing pads, while by the 1980s, a new steel demountable lecture room was constructed where the former riding school once stood. Another building, the 1934 staff officers quarters, was removed and relocated to Witton Barracks at Indooroopilly in 1974. In the 1970s portions of army land were acquired by the Main Roads Department for various road works adjoining the site, while another portion was sold and became part of the Kelvin Grove Campus of Queensland University of Technology.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, Army recruitment in south-east Queensland became centred at the Gona Barracks site. Over the years, the use of many buildings changed and alterations to the buildings were made, especially in the upper barracks area. The former Artillery drill hall, former Engineers depot and the former AASC drill hall have been particularly altered internally.</p><br>
<p>In October 1998, following a period of scaling down of activity at the site, Gona Barracks officially closed. Units based at the barracks were dispersed to other Army bases, the museum shifted to Enoggera and a war memorial flagpole sent out to the Royal Australian Regiment Memorial Walk and Contemplation Building at Enoggera.</p><br>
<h3>Kelvin Grove Urban Village</h3><br>
<p>The Queensland Department of Housing purchased the 7 hectare Gona Barracks site in 2000 for $7,000,000. Queensland University of Technology operated its Kelvin Grove campus (formerly the campus of the Brisbane College of Advanced Education and other predecessor institutions) on an adjacent site and desired to expand their campus. Brisbane City Council which controlled adjacent parkland wanted to develop a Local Area Plan that would maximise opportunities for such a large site so close to the Brisbane CBD. Difficulties associated with any redevelopment included steep slopes and contaminated land.</p><br>
<p>A heritage assessment of the Gona Barracks site determined that it was the buildings of the upper barracks around the parade ground that, as a group, were of a greatest significance. A partnership between the Queensland Department of Housing, Brisbane City Council and the Queensland University of Technology was formed to develop a mixed-use urban village precinct using the Gona Barracks site and adjacent land. The university built its Creative Industries precinct re-using Gona Barracks buildings and introducing new buildings, sited to reinforce the rectangular form of the Gona barracks parade ground. The re-development won major planning and design awards from the Urban Development Institute of Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gona Barracks occupies a site of almost seven hectares in the inner northern Brisbane suburb of Kelvin Grove. The complex comprises approximately 70 individual buildings, located in two fairly evenly divided areas known as the "upper barracks", accessed via Kelvin Grove Road, and the "lower barracks" entered from Sylvan Road. The upper barracks area features an expansive central parade ground area, around which a group of buildings is arranged. The lower barracks feature two main groups of buildings set within grassed and bituminised areas.</p><br>
<h3>Upper Barracks</h3><br>
<h4>Gun Park Shed 1</h4><br>
<p>The upper barracks area contains two gun park sheds. The first of these is located to the north west of the Kelvin Grove Road entry to the site. The building is a long single-storey timber structure, set on a concrete base, with a gabled roof sheeted in corrugated steel. Original timber doors to the elevation facing the parade ground have been replaced with roller and tilting metal doors. The end rooms contain their original doors and windows. A series of horse-hitching rails are located along the length of the western side of this building.</p><br>
<h4>Gun Park Shed 2</h4><br>
<p>The second gun park shed located on the barracks site mirrors the other gun park shed in construction materials and design. It also contains some early VJ timber linings and early room divisions, although the main gun park space has been subdivided. A ceramic drinking fountain situated on the edge of the parade ground outside this building may be original to its construction. This shed also features a series of horse hitching rails on the western elevation.</p><br>
<h4>Artificers workshop (store)</h4><br>
<p>West of gun park shed 2 is the artificers workshop. It is a small single-storey building on a concrete base with a timber frame clad in ribbed steel sheeting with a gabled roof sheeted in the same material. Internally, the building has two main rooms, one set at a slightly lower level than the other. The building may have been built in two stages. One section appears to be of early construction, and modern cladding has been applied to the outside. This building has been extensively reworked over the years.</p><br>
<h4>Storeroom</h4><br>
<p>Adjacent to the artificers workshop. on the western extreme of the site, is a s storeroom. It is a small single-storey building constructed of a timber frame with part-height corrugated iron sheeting roughly applied, and steel mesh to the upper portions with an earth floor. The shallow-pitch gabled roof is sheeted with corrugated iron. A timber door is centrally located.</p><br>
<h4>Artillery Drill Hall (Admin)</h4><br>
<p>The 1915 Artillery drill hall is positioned at right angles to the number 2 gun park shed, on a north-east – south-west axis, near the western boundary of the site. The building addresses the central parade ground area. The hall is a long, predominantly single-storey building constructed of timber weatherboards, with a two-storey section at the western end, reflecting its original construction as two separate buildings. Roofs to both buildings are gabled and sheeted with corrugated steel.</p><br>
<p>The two-storey section of the building to the west features original flanking single-storey wings. Some original timber double doors on the ground floor of this building remain, while weatherboards and roller doors have been inserted where other timber double doors once existed. One of two original flights of stairs to the building remain. The lecture room on the first floor exists in its original configuration.</p><br>
<p>In the eastern section of the building, some original timber double doors are infilled with weatherboards, louvre windows and single doors. To the northern elevation, aluminium framed windows and doors are positioned in many original door openings.</p><br>
<p>Internally, there are a number of original VJ walls and ceiling linings, while the large central hall has a more recent suspended ceiling. The hall is subdivided into two smaller areas, one of which is further subdivided by part-height partitions.</p><br>
<h4>Sanitation, ablutions and latrine blocks</h4><br>
<p>Two sanitation, ablutions and latrine blocks are located to the north-east of the Artillery drill hall. The block closest the hall is currently a female toilet, and appears to have been constructed as an earth closet in association with the Artillery drill hall. It is a small single-storey weatherboard building sitting on a concrete base, with a gabled roof sheeted in corrugated iron. A corrugated iron screen shields the entrance to the toilet from the parade ground.</p><br>
<p>The neighbouring circa World War II toilet block is a small single-storey structure, clad in weatherboards on a concrete base, with a skillion roof sheeted in corrugated steel. It appears to have been built on the site of an earlier wireless hut.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the ablution blocks are two s buildings, an armoury and lecture room. The armoury is a small single-storey masonry building on a concrete base sheeted in corrugated steel and skillion roof. The lecture room is a portable metal-clad building set on low stumps.</p><br>
<h4>Engineer's (RAE) depot (admin)</h4><br>
<p>The 1915 Engineer&#39;s (RAE) depot is located east of the Artillery drill hall, and sits at right angles to this building. It is a two-storey timber framed weatherboard building with an additional two-storey wing at the southern end constructed at right angles to the original building. The gabled roof is sheeted with corrugated steel. Access to the building from the parade ground is gained to the upper floor via four bridges. The site drops away dramatically around this building and to the east access to the building is made to the lower floor.</p><br>
<p>Internally, full-height partitions divide the central space, creating individual offices, while the lower floor features messes. Early VJ linings to the perimeter walls on the upper level exist, while the lower level has mostly recent linings and finishes although the timber post and beam structure remains visible. A face brick wall lines a large part of the lower level on the parade ground side. An original timber door to the waggon shed on the lower level exist, while timber infill and new doors and windows are in place where other timber doors were once located.</p><br>
<p>The later wing contains several rooms on the upper level and a large modern kitchen below.</p><br>
<p>A tennis court is located to the east of the Engineer&#39;s depot, and a flagpole is located in the parade ground area to the west.</p><br>
<h4>Parade ground structures</h4><br>
<p>The central parade ground area is located to the south of the structures noted above. It is a bitumenised area with storage compounds and small shelter sheds located on its eastern elevation. The most substantial structure in this area is a s single-storey building set on a concrete base covered with steel sheeting, comprising seven bays with roller shutters.</p><br>
<h4>Toowong drill hall (admin)</h4><br>
<p>The 1915 Toowong drill hall is located to the east of the central parade ground area. The hall is a large timber framed building sheeted in corrugated iron. It sits on concrete stumps and bearers with infill of corrugated iron sheeting, forming a basement level.</p><br>
<p>South of the Toowong drill hall is a s armoury. It is a single-storey building on a concrete base sheeted with corrugated steel, with a skillion roof. This building is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h4>Australian Army Service Corps (AASC) drill hall</h4><br>
<p>The AASC drill hall is located south of the Toowong drill hall, in the eastern corner of the upper barracks site. It is a long single-storey timber building set on a concrete base. A centrally located double-storey height section is flanked by lower, single-storey wings. The gabled roof is sheeted with corrugated steel. Some original windows and doors survive, while others have been replaced with steel tilting doors. The building also features aluminium awnings. Internally, the original drill room space contains a series of offices with part height partitioning and suspended ceilings. Some early VJ timber partitions and linings remain and the timber roof trusses exist above the suspended ceilings. The eastern end of the building contains a bar and mess area.</p><br>
<p>To the rear of the AASC drill hall, on the south-western corner of the building, is a timber toilet block set on a concrete base, with a skillion roof sheeted with corrugated iron. It is joined to the drill hall via an attached shower block.</p><br>
<p>A s toilet block, and s shelter are also located to the rear of the AASC drill, at the eastern end of the building. These structures are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h4>Frank Moran Memorial Hall</h4><br>
<p>The Frank Moran Memorial Hall is located south-west of the AASC drill hall. It is a single-storey timber building sited on low concrete stumps, with a gabled roof sheeted with corrugated steel. A skillion roofed addition is located to the rear of the building to the south. The interior features VJ timber walls and original ceiling lining.</p><br>
<p>Located adjacent to the memorial hall is a concrete slab which originally supported a post World War II petrol, oil and lubricant store.</p><br>
<h4>Infantry drill hall</h4><br>
<p>The 1914 Infantry drill hall is located in the southern corner of the upper barracks site. It is a large single-storey building, timber framed and sheeted in corrugated iron, with a gabled roof also sheeted in corrugated iron. The building has a concrete floor that is not original. A 1939 skillion roofed addition is located to the northern end of the building, and another addition exists to the south. Internally, most of the drill room space is intact with exposed roofing. There are offices with original timber linings and doors, located along the western elevation.</p><br>
<p>On the south-western corner of the building is a 1914 latrine building. It is a small timber framed building sheeted with corrugated iron, and has a simple gable roof with a skillion attached and sits on a concrete base.</p><br>
<p>A 1930s fire hut is also sited on this corner of the drill hall. It is a single-storey building on a concrete base, timber framed and sheeted in corrugated iron with a corrugated iron roof.*</p><br>
<p>A small metal-clad storage shed built on a concrete base is located to the west of the drill hall, along the property boundary on Kelvin Grove Road. This structure is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h4>Garage and workshop</h4><br>
<p>The 1941-42 garage and workshop building is sited adjacent to the Infantry drill hall, along the western elevation of the central parade area. It is a large single-storey building set on a concrete base, sheeted and roofed in corrugated iron. The roof has a saw-tooth profile. Internally, the building is divided into various rooms, some with suspended ceilings. The steel structure remains and is visible through most of the building.</p><br>
<p>Three small structures are located north-west of the garage and workshop. One is a s bowser store, consisting of a timber frame supporting a corrugated iron roof, sheltering two petrol bowsers. Another is a s-60s small single-storey storeroom set on a concrete base, timber framed and sheeted with corrugated iron, with a gabled, corrugated iron roof. The third building is a s latrine. It is a demountable or pre-fabricated type amenities block and is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h4>Army Research recruiting component</h4><br>
<p>This building is located on the western side of the main entry to the site from Kelvin Grove Road. The s structure is a single-storey timber building on low concrete and steel stumps. The building has a gabled roof sheeted in corrugated iron. Two building wings extend to the east and west of the main part of the structure. Internally, the building comprises a number of rooms to the north and a large room to the east. Opening off this large room is a kitchen containing some early windows and doors. Other windows are of more recent installation, as are wall linings, ceilings and floor coverings. The building has early loft storage areas accessed by ladder at each end of the main section.</p><br>
<p>A flagpole is located to the north of this building, in the centre of the main entry to the site.</p><br>
<h3>Lower barracks</h3><br>
<p>The lower barracks area is located to the north-east of the upper barracks area. A driveway joining the two barracks areas runs from the north-western elevation of the Engineers&#39; depot to the eastern elevation of the Quartermasters store in the lower barracks area. External access to the lower barracks area is gained via Blamey Street and Kelvin Grove Road, through the upper barracks. The area developed for Engineers is located in the northern portion of the lower barracks, while the area for Signals is positioned in the southern portion of the site.</p><br>
<p>The Engineers area is reached immediately upon entering the lower barracks from Blamey Street. A group of seven buildings are loosely organised around a bitumen area, and include administration buildings, a bridging store, an armoury and quartermasters store, an RAE training assembly hall and a 1970s prefabricated lecture room. The bridging store is a timber-framed shed building, while the other structures in the Engineers area are timber or steel framed buildings, set on concrete stumps and featuring weatherboard cladding and corrugated iron or steel roofs. The Engineers buildings are a mixture of structures built both on-site, and relocated from Wacol Army Barracks in 1953.</p><br>
<p>South of the Engineers area is a group of buildings established in an "L" configuration around a bitumen area for Signals men and women. Some of the structures, including a battery room, Signals Corps Area Assembly Hall, a latrine, an administration building, a lecture room and a s shelter shed were constructed on-site, while other administration buildings, a canteen and a surgery were relocated to the site from the Wacol Army Barracks in 1953. The buildings are generally timber or steel framed with weatherboard cladding and corrugated iron and steel roofs, set on concrete stumps. The 1970s shelter shed is a concrete block building.</p><br>
<p>Located between the Engineers and Signals areas, on the eastern border of the site, is the PMG School for Linesmen in Training building. It is a two-storey timber-framed building sheeted in fibrous cement panelling. s "wash point" is cited south of the School for Linesmen building, across a roadway and open area. It is a concrete parking area with storage sheds at one end used for the washing down of vehicles.</p><br>
<h3>Landscape</h3><br>
<p>The Gona Barracks site contains a variety of trees and shrubs, endemic, planted and self-seeded, that have developed over time with the development of the site. The trees can be broadly classified according to the period of planting as indicated by their size, species and location.</p><br>
<h4>Vegetation which predates army occupation</h4><br>
<p>One Ficus platypoda along the Kelvin Grove alignment appears to be the only remnant vegetation on site.</p><br>
<h4>Interwar vegetation</h4><br>
<p>A significant stand of stately Jacaranda acutifolia and Grevillea robusta trees planted as an avenue along the roadway between the Engineers&#39; depot and the Toowong drill hall in the upper barracks area, forms the most significant stand of vegetation on the site. It appears the embankment and roadway on which these tress stand was in existence by 1925. Within this group are a number of Phytolacca dioica which are possibly of a similar age.</p><br>
<h4>Postwar vegetation</h4><br>
<p>A group of assorted trees including exotic species and some Queensland rainforest trees are to be found on the embankment below the parade ground area.</p><br>
<h4>Self-sown trees</h4><br>
<p>Numerous isolated trees have seeded themselves throughout the site and in particular on batters created during earthworks in the 1920s on the upper barracks and in 1953 on the lower barracks. Several isolated Ficus platypoda occur is scattered locations on the lower barracks. These specimens are of a moderate size and may have self-sown, planted or may be remnant.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gona Barracks was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Gona Barracks is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history as evidence of Queenslands preparations for military involvement in various world conflicts. Specifically, Gona Barracks is associated with the expansion of military training for militia forces after the introduction of compulsory military training in 1911, the provision of facilities for specialist militia units, and the continuation of voluntary military forces until 1998. The place contains World War I drill halls built for militia units of infantry, and more specialised groups such as the artillery, engineers and service corps, and as such demonstrates the extent of the various sections of the armed forces at the time and the commitment of the citizen soldiers who composed these units. The general size of the barracks site also demonstrates the site&#39;s early history as the Brisbane Grammar School endowment, from 1879 to 1911.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The World War I era buildings in the upper barracks area of Gona Barracks demonstrate rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage as a surviving precinct of buildings from this period, and as examples of the early design of buildings by the Commonwealth. The concentration of drill halls, and the number of different types of drill halls for the various services sited at one location was not a common military practice at the time. The gun park, services, artillery and engineers drill halls are rare surviving examples of their type.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gona Barracks has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history as the World War I buildings in the upper barracks demonstrate the development of military technology. The buildings constructed for the artillery, service corps and engineers demonstrate in their form and room layouts the important role played by horses in military activity at that time, which was later supersede by motorised transportation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Gona Barracks is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places, as the layout of the World War I buildings illustrate the military use of the site. This group of buildings was carefully and deliberately placed around a central parade ground area, a practice which was followed in other parts of Australia. The World War II buildings also demonstrate the principal characteristics of this type of building, constructed of timber with corrugated iron roofs, elevated on low stumps.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Gona Barracks is important because of its aesthetic significance. The World War I buildings in the upper barracks area are of aesthetic significance as a group of similarly scaled buildings constructed of timber, positioned around a central open space or parade ground area. These qualities are enhanced by the overall intactness of the exteriors of most of these buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Gona Barracks has a special association with a substantial part of Queensland&#39;s military community. As a military training ground since the early years of World War I until 1998, thousands of servicemen and women have an association with the site which has played an active role during the major periods of defence organisation in this country. In more recent years, it has functioned as an Army recruiting centre, particularly for the Army Reserve who were based at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Chandler-Parsons Blacksmith Shop, now the Blacksmith Shop Museum, is a historic blacksmith shop at 107 Dawes Road in Dover-Foxcroft, Maine. Believed to be built in the early 1860s, it is one of a very small number of relatively unaltered rural 19th-century blacksmithies in the state. It is owned and operated by the local historical society as a museum, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The smithy is a small single-story wood frame structure, with a gable roof and a wood shingle exterior. A shed-roofed addition extends across the western facade. The main facade, facing south, is four bays wide, with the main entrance in one of the center bays and sash windows in the other bays. The main double door is attached via heavy wrought iron hinges. The interior is very plain, with exposed framing, and houses a collection of original 19th-century blacksmithing tools.</p><br>
<p>The shop was probably built in the early 1860s by Nicholas A. Chandler, whose family owned the land at the time, and who was listed in later business directories as a blacksmith, but was also known for breeding and training horses. The next owner, Henry Parsons, was Chandler&#39;s brother-in-law, and is believed to be responsible for a number of additions and alterations to the building, including changing its roofline and adding the shed-roof addition. Parsons operated the smithy as a business until about 1905, and the shop was thereafter used intermittently by area residents. It was acquired in 1964 by the Dover-Foxcroft Historical Society, which now operates the property as a museum. The society has added a modern building to the property for use as a demonstration area. The museum is open between Memorial Day and October.</p><br>
